Shoulder strength, scapular displacement, and supraspinatus morphology in male and female competitive water polo players: a cross-sectional study
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Trinidad Morales, Alfonso
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Abstract
Water polo is an Olympic team sport played by both men and women that combines repetitive throwing and aquatic propulsion, placing unique biomechanical demands on the shoulder. However, sex-related differences in shoulder function and structure remain poorly understood. This study compares the functional and structural shoulder profiles of male and female competitive water polo players.
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del Blanco Muñiz, J. Á., Bermejo Franco, A., Giménez, M. J., Salniccia, F., Mendoza Castejón, D., & Trinidad, A. (2026). Shoulder strength, scapular displacement, and supraspinatus morphology in male and female competitive water polo players: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 8, 1933053. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2026.1933053