Área de Actividad Física y Salud

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11268/56

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Impact of Hypertrophy-Oriented Resistance Training on Muscle Mass and Quality of Life in Patients with Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer (HY-PANC): Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
(2026) Braceras Arias, Pablo; Burgos Postigo, Silvia; Brea Alejo, Lidia
Unresectable pancreatic cancer (PC) is characterized by a high prevalence of sarcopenia and cachexia, which negatively impact survival, treatment toxicity, and quality of life (QoL). Currently, evidence evaluating exercise programs in this vulnerable population is limited. This prospective, two-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) will recruit patients with unresectable PC undergoing chemotherapy. Participants will be randomized (1:1) to an intervention group (hypertrophy-oriented resistance training twice weekly) or a control group (standard care).
Physiological and autonomic responses to intermittent low-lung-volume apnoea and pain sensitivity: A randomized controlled pilot trial
(2026) Mendoza Arranz, Cristian; Asís Fernández, Francisco de; Miravet Mingo, Guillermo; León Hernández, José Vicente; Fierro Marrero, José; Reina Varona, Álvaro
Intermittent apnoeas may induce hypoalgesia; however, the effects of low-lung volume static apnoea have not been investigated. These findings suggest respiratory-induced autonomic stress maybe insufficient to modulate nociceptive processing, highlighting the importance of physiological conditions under which breath-hold interventions may influence pain.
“People are looking at me, trying to figure out whether I am a man or a woman”: an occupational perspective on the experiences of non-binary trans people
(2026) Castañeda Padilla, Melisa Ailen; Galleguillos, Pía; Maldonado, Antonia; Velis Hernández, Alexandra Romanett; Morrison, Rodolfo; Soto Reyes, Paula
Non-binary trans people develop their occupational experiences within hetero-cisnormative contexts that tend to render their ways of being and doing invisible, invalidate them, and restrict them. This study aims to explore the experiences of participation and occupational engagement of non-binary trans people linked to organisations and/or community collectives in the Metropolitan Region of Chile.
“La gente me está mirando, asegurándose de si soy hombre o mujer”: aproximación ocupacional a las experiencias de personas trans no binarias
(2026) Castañeda Padilla, Melisa Ailen; Galleguillos, Pía; Maldonado, Antonia; Velis Hernández, Alexandra Romanett; Morrison, Rodolfo; Soto Reyes, Paula
Las personas trans no binarias desarrollan sus experiencias ocupacionales en contextos heterocisnormativos que tienden a invisibilizar, invalidar y restringir sus formas de ser y hacer. El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar las experiencias de participación e involucramiento ocupacional de personas trans no binarias vinculadas a organizaciones y/o colectivos en la Región Metropolitana de Chile.
Body Composition, Muscle Strength and Novel Biomarkers in Acute Heart Failure Patients: A Comprehensive Frailty Assessment.
(2026) Iturriaga Ramírez, Tamara; Margalejo, Alvaro; Sal de Rellán, Alejandro; Aguilar Iglesias, Lara; Baos, Selene; Saez Maleta, Ruth; Capo, Xavier; Gonzalez Freire, Marta; Santiago Dorrego, Catalina; Perez Rivera, José Ángel
Malnutrition, sarcopenia, and frailty are increasingly recognized as relevant determinants of outcomes in heart failure (HF), yet comprehensive evaluation of body composition and circulating biomarkers is still not routinely implemented. This single-centre, observational, cross-sectional study aimes to characterize body composition, physical function, and selected novel biomarkers in patients with HF and to compare these findings with those of healthy controls.
Supervised Machine Learning-Based Prediction of In-Hospital Mortality Following Hip Fracture in Older Adults
(2026) Guzmán Muñoz, Eduardo; Vásquez Muñoz, Manuel; Concha Cisternas, Yeny; Olivares, Rodrigo; Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier; Castillo Paredes, Antonio; Yáñez Sepúlveda, Rodrigo
Hip fractures in older adults are associated with substantial morbidity, functional decline, and high in-hospital mortality. Early identification of patients at increased risk of death may improve clinical decision-making and resource allocation. This study aimed to develop and internally validate supervised machine learning models to predict in-hospital mortality among older adults hospitalized for hip fracture using nationwide administrative data from Chile. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using anonymized hospital discharge records from the Chilean National Health Fund (FONASA), covering admissions between 1 January 2019 and 31 December 2024, across 72 public hospitals. Demographic, clinical, and care-related variables were included as predictors. Multiple supervised machine learning algorithms were trained and evaluated using stratified train–test partitioning. Model performance was assessed using AUC-ROC, precision, recall, and F1-score. Model interpretability was explored using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). A total of 40,253 hospitalization episodes were analyzed. The Gradient Boosting model achieved the best overall performance, with an AUC-ROC of 0.885 and a favorable balance between precision and recall. SHAP analysis identified age, comorbidity burden, and surgical treatment as the most influential predictors, revealing nonlinear and clinically meaningful contributions to mortality risk. Supervised machine learning models based on routinely collected administrative data demonstrated strong predictive performance for in-hospital mortality after hip fracture. Interpretable models may support early risk stratification and clinical decisionmaking at a national healthcare level.
Relative Age Effect in Swimming: Insights from a National Talent Program
(2025) Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier; Nikolopoulos, Alexandros; Martín Rodríguez, Alexandra; Lola, Afroditi; Stavropoulou, Georgina; Manou, Vasiliki; Dalamitros, Athanasios A.
Recognizing the impact of the relative age effect (RAE) in talent selection can help ensure a more equitable and effective athlete development pathway. This study examined the prevalence of the RAE and its potential influences on critical anthropometric and swimming performance metrics in a cohort of talented adolescent athletes participating in the Hellenic Swimming Federation program. The presence of the place of early development effect was also explored. The sample consisted of 129 male and female swimmers born in 2008 (males, n = 24; females, n = 26) and 2009 (males, n = 41; females, n = 36) during the 2022 annual talent meeting. According to the results, evidence for the prevalence of the RAE for the 14-year-old male participants born in the first quarter (19.4%) and both male and female participants aged 13 (29.2 and 29.0% for male and female swimmers respectively), also born in the first quarter was observed. The impact of the RAE on 50 m and 400 m swimming performance was apparent only in male swimmers (p<.05). The anthropometric variables examined did not exhibit a significant impact of the RAE, on either gender, with the exception of sitting height in female participants aged 13. Moreover, the swimmers’ representation in the national talent program was influenced by their place of early development, with smaller regions exhibiting higher talent participation. These findings highlight the importance of strategies to mitigate the impact of the RAE and ensure equal access to training resources for all swimmers regardless of their early development location.
Psychological factors in padel players: a systematic review
(2025) Yáñez Sepúlveda, Rodrigo; Olivares Arancibia, Jorge; Vásquez Bonilla, Aldo; Lafourcade, Ignacio; Araya Retamal, Alex; Giakoni Ramírez, Frano; González Aroca, Joaquín; Cortés Roco, Guillermo; Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier; et al.
Introduction: Psychological factors are essential to understanding and enhancing padel perfor-mance, as they influence how players cope with the sport’s physical and emotional demands. Objective: This systematic review aimed to identify and analyze the main psychological varia-bles studied aboutpadel, including frustration, anxiety, stress, self-confidence, and mental fa-tigue. Methodology: The review followed the PRISMA guidelines and involved a thorough search of four major databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus, up to August 2024. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 12 studies were selected from 1,384, comprising 1,021 participants. Most studies were descriptive, cross-sectional, and comparative, with only one adopting an experimental design. Results: The review revealed that the most researched psychological variables in padel are anx-iety, self-confidence, and stress-induced mental fatigue. A consistent finding across studies was that players often experience high levels of anxiety and stress before competitions, while also maintaining elevated levels of self-confidence. Additionally, players with greater experience and higher competitive levels tend to manage psychological demands more effectively than less experienced peers. Discussion: These findings suggest that psychological preparation and mental training may be crucial for improving performance in padel. Conclusion: Thisreview highlights the importance of psychological factors in sportand recom-mends continued research to develop strategies that support mental well-being and perfor-mance optimization in padel players. Understanding how these variables interact can contrib-ute to more comprehensive athlete development programs and better outcomes in both recre-ational and competitive contexts.
Neuropsychophysiological Effects of a Single Functional Neurology Intervention on Semicircular Canals Stimuli Dysfunction
(2025) Escribano Colmena, Guillermo; Rey Mota, Jorge; Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier
This exploratory observational study analyzed the neuropsychophysiological effects of Functional Neurology interventions on semicircular canal dysfunction, with a focus on enhancing neuromuscular responses and pain perception. A cohort of 45 healthy volunteers, comprising both males and females with an average age of 26.5 years, participated in this controlled, experimental study. The methodology involved baseline assessments of their psychophysiological state and physical abilities, followed by specific tests to analyze semicircular canal dysfunction. Participants then received customized Functional Neurology treatment aimed at correcting detected neuromuscular imbalances. The effects of Functional Neurology treatment were evaluated comparing variables such as hand strength, blood oxygen saturation, heart rate, and the Critical Flicker Fusion Threshold before and after the intervention. The study found a significant increase in the tolerance to semicircular canal stimuli, from an average of 1.0 ± 0.0 stimuli tolerated before intervention to 21.0 ± 14.0 post-treatment, suggesting that Functional Neurology can markedly improve neuromuscular responses in the context of vestibular dysfunction. However, no significant changes were observed in blood oxygen saturation or cortical arousal, indicating that these specific interventions may not affect all psychophysiological parameters. In conclusion, Functional Neurology interventions show promise in treating vestibular disorders by significantly enhancing neuromuscular response and pain tolerance, despite not impacting other psychophysiological measures. This research underscores the potential of Functional Neurology in improving the quality of life for individuals with vestibular dysfunctions and advocates for further exploration into its comprehensive neurophysiological effects.
Muscle oxygen saturation and cutting movements in Women's Futsal
(2025) Vásquez Bonilla, Aldo; Cruz Fuentes, Immanuel; Ugalde Ramírez, Jose Alexis; Trejos Montoya, José Andrés; Rojas Valverde, Daniel; Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier; Yáñez Sepúlveda, Rodrigo
The evaluation of muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) using non-invasive near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology has been developed in sports performance settings, though few studies have utilized it for injury prevention. This study aimed to assess and correlate bilateral SmO₂ with injury risk during a repeated sprint ability test with change of direction (RSA-COD), using the Cutting Movement Assessment Score (CMAS). Fourteen female futsal players (age 22.5 ± 4.6 years) participated. The RSA-COD consisted of eight 25-meter sprints with COD at 15 m and 3 m, with speed (m⋅s 2) recorded. Additionally, shot accuracy was evaluated using a goalscoring point system. Knee injury risk was assessed using the CMAS, while NIRS sensors were placed bilaterally on the gastrocnemius muscles of the dominant (DL) and non-dominant (non-DL) legs during the RSA-COD. Bilateral differences were found in SmO₂ data, muscle oxygen extraction (▽%SmO₂), and total hemoglobin (tHb). Additionally, three players (21.4%) showed a high risk of injury, while 10 players (71.4%) had a medium risk at 15 m. At 3 m, three players (21.4%) had a high risk, and six players (42.8%) had a medium risk. The results indicated that ▽%SmO₂ is associated with a higher risk of injury (r= -0.48, p = 0.041) in the CMAS test. Therefore, exploratory study suggests that bilateral differences in SmO2 data may be related to injury risk. Future studies should consider using two NIRS-sensors to detect potential metabolic imbalances between limbs.
Atención inicial a los familiares ante un caso de muerte súbita o por accidente
(2025) Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier
La comunicación efectiva y empática es clave tras una muerte súbita o por accidente, incluyendo claridad, honestidad, y apoyo continuo. Es esencial reconocer y validar las diversas manifestaciones del duelo, ofreciendo apoyo personalizado y promoviendo estrategias de afrontamiento saludables. Los profesionales de atención primaria deben orientar a los familiares sobre procedimientos post mortem, trámites legales, y accesibilidad a recursos de apoyo. La preparación y formación en comunicación de malas noticias y manejo del duelo son cruciales para mejorar la atención brindada. Se propone un algoritmo de actuación para guiar a los profesionales en el manejo comprensivo y respetuoso de estas situaciones.
Human Digestive Physiology and Evolutionary Diet: A Metabolomic Perspective on Carnivorous and Scavenger Adaptations
(2025) Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier; Redondo Flórez, Laura; Beltrán Velasco, Ana Isabel; Yáñez Sepúlveda, Rodrigo; Rubio Zarapuz, Alejandro; Martín Rodríguez, Alexandra; Navarro Jiménez, Eduardo; Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco
This review examines human digestive physiology and metabolic adaptations in the context of evolutionary dietary patterns, particularly those emphasizing carnivorous and scavenging behaviors. By integrating metabolomic data with archaeological, anatomical, and microbiological evidence, the study explores how early hominins adapted to intermittent but energy-dense animal-based diets. The analysis highlights the development of hepatic insulin resistance, enhanced fat and protein metabolism, and shifts in gut microbiota diversity as physiological signatures of meat consumption. Comparative evaluations of digestive enzyme profiles, intestinal morphology, and salivary composition underscore humans’ omnivorous flexibility and partial carnivorous specialization. Additionally, biomarkers such as ketone bodies, branched-chain amino acids, and trimethylamine-N-oxide are identified as metabolic indicators of habitual meat intake. These adaptations, though once evolutionarily advantageous, are discussed in relation to current metabolic disorders in modern nutritional contexts. Overall, this review presents a metabolomic framework for understanding the evolutionary trajectory of human digestion and its implications for health and dietary recommendations.
Enhancing team sports performance: a case study of the optimal post‑warm‑up time window
(2025) Abade, Eduardo; Rodrigues Costa, Ana; Parraca, José Alberto; Tomás Carús, Pablo; Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier; Gonçalves, Bruno Sergio Varanda
Warm-up routines are crucial for performance enhancement in team sports, with their effectiveness varying based on individual profiles, exercise mode and timing relative to the activity. This study investigates the impact of a 5–10 min interval post-warm-up on physical performance and sympathetic stimulus, as indicated by salivary biomarkers, in 19 college athletes. Performance was assessed via countermovement jump, 20 m sprint and handgrip strength tests conducted pre-warm-up, 5 min post-warm-up and 10 min post-warm-up. Saliva samples were collected at each stage to evaluate flux, α-amylase activity and protein content. Significant effects (p<.001) were observed in all three performance measures and saliva markers. Notably, sprint performance showed the greatest enhancement at the 5 min mark post-warm-up, while jumping improvements persisted through the 10 min window. However, a slight decline in sprint ability was observed from 5 to 10 min post-warm-up. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing warm-up timing and eventually considering re-warm-up strategies to maximize acute performance in team sports.
Differences in the psychophysiological response between normal weight and overweight young recreational athletes in strength training
(2025) Bustamante Sánchez, Álvaro; Torre Gómez, Sergio de la; Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier
Strength training is widely recognized for its benefits in young recreational athletes, yet limited research has explored its effects on heart rate variability (HRV) across different body compositions. This study aimed to analysethe autonomic modulation differences between normal-weight and overweight recreational athletes during strength training. Methods: A total of 63 male recreational athletes (23.8±3.6 years, 174.9±8.2 cm, 70.8±11.7 kg) were categorized into normal-weight (Body Mass Index < 25) (N=38) and overweight (Body Mass Index > 25) (N=25) groups. Participants performed three sets of 10 repetitions at 70% 1RM for both squats and bench press. HRV parameters, including RMSSD, SDNN, and PNN50, were measured before, during, and after training. Additionally, heart rate (HR), rate of perceivedexertion (RPE), and strength levels were assessed. Results: HR significantly increased during training in both groups, with a greater post-exercise HR elevation observed in the normal-weight group. HRV parameters (RMSSD, SDNN, PNN50) decreased significantly during training in the normal-weight group, indicating greater autonomic stress. RPE increased post-exercise in both groups, while the overweight group demonstrated higher baseline strength levels. Conclusion: Strength training induced acute autonomic stress in both groups, with greater HRV suppression observed in normal-weight athletes, suggesting a higher physiological demand. In contrast, overweight athletes displayed better baseline strength levels and potentially greater adaptability to strength training. These findings highlight the need for individualized training prescriptions based on body composition to optimize performance andrecovery in recreational athletes
Preliminary Effectiveness of 360° Immersive Virtual Reality for the Acquisition of Empathy Related Skills in Physiotherapy Students: A Quasi Experimental Study
(2026) Gaviña Barroso, María Isabel; Bermejo Franco, Alberto; Ucero Lozano, Roberto; Medina Sampedro, María; López Ruiz, Javier; García Pérez de Sevilla, Guillermo
Virtual reality (VR) simulation programs are emerging as valuable tools in healthcare education, offering immersive experiences that help students develop soft skills like empathy. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a 360° VR simulation in enhancing empathy among physical therapy students toward patients with acquired brain injury. The VR program could be an educational resource to improve the empathy of health sciences students and thus the future therapeutic relationship with the patient. Male participants and participants with a higher level of Spanish could be more positively affected by this VR program.
Can a weekend of controlled hypoxia restore hormonal balance? A novel approach to stress recovery in aviation professionals
(2025) Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco; Martín Gómez, Francisco José; Martínez Taranilla, Manuel; Rubio Zarapuz, Alejandro; Martín Rodríguez, Alexandra; Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier
Aviation professionals experience chronic stress due to prolonged work hours, irregular schedules, and exposure to altitude-related physiological challenges, leading to dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Controlled hypoxia has been proposed as a potential strategy for modulating stress responses and enhancing recovery. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a weekend of controlled normobaric hypoxia on key hormonal markers, including cortisol, prolactin, testosterone, and DHEA-S, in pilots and flight attendants. A within-subject experimental design was used with 10 participants (6 pilots, 4 flight attendants) exposed to two 12-hour sessions of normobaric hypoxia (simulated altitude: 3,500–4,000 m) during their designated rest period. Blood samples were collected at three-time points: baseline, pre-hypoxia, and post-hypoxia, and analyzed for hormonal changes. Prolactin levels significantly increased post-intervention, indicating a neuroendocrine stress response. Cortisol levels showed a moderate decrease, suggesting potential stress adaptation. Testosterone levels significantly increased in both groups, supporting anabolic recovery mechanisms. DHEAS exhibited a slight but non-significant increase, while the DHEA-S/cortisol ratio improved, suggesting enhanced stress resilience. Short-term exposure to normobaric hypoxia induced significant hormonal adaptations, potentially aiding stress recovery in aviation professionals. These findings highlight the potential of controlled hypoxia as a non-pharmacological intervention for stress management in high-demand professions. Further research is needed to refine hypoxia protocols and assess long-term effects
Body Composition and Injury Prevalence in Mexican University Athletes
(2025) Rangel García, Irina; Villalobos Cabrera, Yolanda; Cortés Roco, Guillermo; Vásquez Bonilla, Aldo; García Carrillo, Exal; Aguilera Martínez, Nicole; Herrera Amante, Carlos; Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier; Olivares Arancibia, Jorge; Yáñez Sepúlveda, Rodrigo
The epidemiology of injuries and their relationship with body composition is a crucial aspect for sports medicine teams to analyze, as it enables the organization of actions for injury prevention during the competitive season. This study aimed to compare body composition with injury prevalence among injured and non-injured university athletes, categorized by sex and sport. Sports injuries and anthropometric characteristics were analyzed in 771 competitive-level athletes (374 women and 397 men) from university teams in Mexico. Body composition was assessed using anthropometry, and injury classification and prevalence were determined by a sports medicine team. Injury prevalence was 65.6 %, with the highest prevalence observed in cheerleading (9.2 %), athletics (8.8 %), and taekwondo (8.7 %). No associations were found between sex and injury occurrence (X2 = 0.04, df = 1, p = 0.825), nor were there differences in injury rates between sports (X2 = 11.45, df = 11, p = 0.406). No relationships between body composition and injuries were identified, suggesting that other unmeasured factors in this study may have a greater influence on injury occurrence. It is concluded that injury prevalence is high in this group of athletes and that body composition and sex do not influence the occurrence of injuries. This study is significant as it motivates university sports medicine teams to consider other variables influencing injury occurrence.
Biomimetic Strategies for Nutraceutical Delivery: Advances in Bionanomedicine for Enhanced Nutritional Health
(2025) Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier; Bustamante Sánchez, Álvaro; Rubio Zarapuz, Alejandro; Martín Rodríguez, Alexandra; Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco; Beltrán Velasco, Ana Isabel
Biomimetic strategies have gained increasing attention for their ability to enhance the delivery, stability, and functionality of nutraceuticals by emulating natural biological systems. However, the literature remains fragmented, often focusing on isolated technologies without integrating regulatory, predictive, or translational perspectives. Objective: This review aims to provide a comprehensive and multidisciplinary synthesis of biomimetic and bio-inspired nanocarrier strategies for nutraceutical delivery, while identifying critical gaps in standardization, scalability, and clinical translation. Results: We present a structured classification matrix that maps biomimetic delivery systems by material type, target site, and bioactive compound class. In addition, we analyze predictive design tools (e.g., PBPK modeling and AI-based formulation), regulatory frameworks (e.g., EFSA, FDA, and GSRS), and risk-driven strategies as underexplored levers to accelerate innovation. The review also integrates ethical and environmental considerations, and highlights emerging trends such as multifunctional hybrid systems and green synthesis routes. Conclusions: By bridging scientific, technological, and regulatory domains, this review offers a novel conceptual and translational roadmap to guide the next generation of biomimetic nutraceutical delivery systems. It addresses key bottlenecks and proposes integrative strategies to enhance design precision, safety, and scalability.
Biometric Strategies to Improve Vaccine Immunogenicity and Effectiveness
(2025) Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier; Redondo Flórez, Laura; Bustamante Sánchez, Álvaro; Martín Rodríguez, Alexandra; Yáñez Sepúlveda, Rodrigo; Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco
Vaccines have revolutionized disease prevention, yet their effectiveness is challenged by variable immunogenicity, individual response differences, and emerging variants. Biomimetic strategies, inspired by natural immune processes, offer new avenues to enhance vaccine performance. This narrative review examines how bioinspired approaches—grounded in evolutionary medicine, immunology, and host–microbiota Interactions—can improve vaccine immunogenicity and long-term protection. We further examine the evolutionary foundations of immune responses, highlighting how an evolutionary perspective can inform the development of durable, broadly protective, and personalized vaccines. Furthermore, mechanistic insights at the molecular and cellular level are explored, including Toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement, dendritic cell activation pathways, and MHC-I/MHC-II-mediated antigen presentation. These mechanisms are often mimicked in biomimetic systems to enhance uptake, processing, and adaptive immune activation. Results: The review highlights how immunosenescence, maternal immunity, genetic variation, and gut microbiota composition influence vaccine responses. Biomimetic platforms—such as nanoparticle carriers and novel adjuvants—enhance antigen presentation, boost adaptive immunity, and may overcome limitations in traditional vaccine approaches. Additionally, co-administration strategies, delivery systems, andmicrobiota-derived immunomodulators show promise in improving vaccine responsiveness. Integrating biomimetic and evolutionary principles into vaccine design represents a promising path toward safer, longer-lasting, and more effective immunizations.
Bidirectional effects of physical activity and sleep on health: evidence and future directions
(2026) Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier; Redondo Flórez, Laura; Beltrán Velasco, Ana Isabel; Ramos Campo, Domingo Jesús; Ruisoto Palomera, Pablo; Yáñez Sepúlveda, Rodrigo; Martín Rodríguez, Alexandra; Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco
Sleep and physical activity are two important lifestyle factors that significantly influence overall health and wellbeing. This comprehensive review aims to provide a detailed understanding of the interplay between sleep and physical activity habits. A narrative review was conducted through a comprehensive assessment of primary and secondary sources, incorporating scientific publications from databases such as MedLine, Cochrane, Embase, PsychINFO, and Cinahl. The inclusion criteria focused on studies published between 2000 and 2025, addressing topics such as physical activity, sleep quality, sleep disorders, energy balance, and related health outcomes. Exclusion criteria included gray literature, unpublished studies, books, conference proceedings, and dissertations. The results highlight the complex bidirectional relationship between sleep and physical activity. Regular physical activity improves sleep quality and duration, while adequate sleep enhances physical activity performance and recovery. Sleep disorders negatively affect physical activity engagement, but interventions involving exercise demonstrate significant potential in mitigating these effects. In conclusion, understanding the multifaceted interactions among sleep, physical activity, and nutrition is crucial for promoting overall health and wellbeing. Future research should leverage advancements in wearable technology, personalized interventions, and precision medicine approaches to optimize these interrelated behaviors and their health impacts.

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