How do gender and competition level influence the physical demands in worst-case scenarios of elite football referees?

Abstract

This study examined the physical demands experienced by elite Spanish football referees during matches, focusing on the most intense moments known as Worst-Case Scenarios (WCS). Data from over 2,000 matches involving male and female referees across different competition levels revealed that male referees generally face higher physical loads, especially during short bursts of activity. The most demanding conditions for male referees occurred in the Second Division and Champions League, while female referees experienced peak demands in national competitions like the Queen’s Cup. Both groups showed increased intensity during shorter time frames, emphasizing the importance of preparing for brief, high-intensity efforts. The findings suggest that training and recovery programs should be tailored to the specific demands of each competition and gender to enhance performance and reduce injury risk.