Motivación, identidad y dependencia en los deportistas que practican pruebas de alta exigencia
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Ordóñez Ontiveros, Yanko
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Abstract
La práctica deportiva hoy en día es un motor utilizado por muchos como vía de escape de la realidad vital que persigue al ciudadano en su día a día. Es un fenómeno social de masas que se lleva a cabo para mejorar la salud del practicante haciendo frente a situaciones de estrés que tanto predominan en nuestra sociedad actual. Los individuos, a través de la práctica deportiva y la actividad física, han ampliado sus recursos y fortalezas optimizando su resiliencia y su adaptación al medio.
La investigación pretende determinar el grado de motivación, dependencia e identidad de los deportistas de pruebas de alta exigencia en los ámbitos de la salud física, los logros deportivos y los aspectos psicosociales. Además, busca conocer el grado de identidad de los deportistas con la prueba deportiva, establecer relaciones entre la motivación para participar en la prueba y aspectos sociodemográficos como la edad y el género, aportar información a los organizadores de eventos deportivos y reconocer posibles diferencias estadísticas entre grupos (nivel de estudios, estado laboral, edad y género) que animan a los deportistas a realizar este tipo de pruebas.
A través de una encuesta basada en tres escalas validadas, se recogen datos de motivación, identidad y dependencia al ejercicio de 387 deportistas no profesionales cuyo rango de edad estuvo entre 18 y 74 años. Los resultados reflejan que el factor que más peso tiene sobre la motivación es el significado de la vida y autoestima, en la identidad deportiva es la afectividad negativa y en la dependencia al ejercicio es el tiempo. El estudio descubre las variables que predicen significativamente correr y competir como son el significado de la vida y autoestima que fueron predichas por puntuar alto en las subescalas de superación de metas personales y competición, afiliación, metas psicológicas, abstinencia y tiempo, y por puntuar bajo en la subescala de efectos deseados. En cuanto al género, los hombres destacan con puntuaciones significativamente mayores en las subescalas de peso, reconocimiento e identidad social, mientras que las mujeres lo hacen en significado de la vida y autoestima. 8
Referido al nivel académico, los estudiantes presentan unos altos niveles en la mayoría de las subescalas motivacionales, sobre todo en las relacionadas con la motivación intrínseca mientras que por el contrario los empleados manifiestan los más bajos. En cuanto a los valores de dependencia, los estudiantes presentan valores muy por encima de empleados y desempleados en cuanto a tiempo empleado, continuo incremento de la actividad, falta de control para reducir la práctica de ejercicio, etc., lo que parece ser normal dado el contexto madurativo de los mismos.
Para finalizar, desde el punto de vista laboral, se corrobora que la práctica de ejercicio para evitar la ansiedad va implícita en los empleados, la práctica de ejercicio físico pese a estar lesionado va ligado a los desempleados y la participación en este tipo de pruebas con el fin de mejorar la salud y el peso está vinculada a empleados y desempleados.
Con todo ello, el deporte de alta exigencia puede quedar encuadrado en dos posiciones diferentes, pero convergentes: una como fin último en el que el deportista lo posiciona en su vida como guía principal de su existencia, u otra como medio para conseguir una proyección en otros aspectos de la vida del deportista.
Sports practice today is a driving force used by many as an escape from the vital reality that haunts citizens in their daily lives. It is a mass social phenomenon that is carried out to improve the health of the practitioner by coping with stressful situations that predominate so much in our current society. Through sports and physical activity, individuals have expanded their resources and strengths, optimizing their resilience and adaptation to the environment. The research aims to determine the degree of motivation, dependence and identity of athletes in high-demand events in the areas of physical health, sporting achievements and psychosocial aspects. In addition, it seeks to know the degree of identity of the athletes with the sports event, establish causal relationships between the motivation to participate in the test and sociodemographic aspects such as age and sex, provide information to the organizers of sporting events and recognize possible statistical differences between groups (educational level, employment status, age and sex) that encourage athletes to participate in this type of events. Through a survey based on three validated scales, data on motivation, identity and dependence on exercise were collected from 387 unprofessional athletes whose age range was between 18 and 74 years old. The results show that themost influential factor in motivation is the meaning of life and self-esteem, in sports identity it is negative affectivity and in dependence on exercise it is time. In addition, the study discovers the variables that significantly predict running and competition, such as the meaning of life and self-esteem, which were predicted by scoring high on the subscales of exceeding personal goals and competition, affiliation, psychological goals, abstinence and time, and by scoring low on the desired effects subscale. In turn, it should be noted that men stand out significantly in the subscales of weight, recognition and social identity while women do so in meaning of life and self-esteem. 10 Referring to the academic level, students present high levels in most of the motivational subscales, especially those related to intrinsic motivation, while on the contrary, employees show the lowest levels. Regarding the dependency values, the students present values well above those of employed and unemployed in terms of time spent, continuous increase in activity, lack of control to reduce exercise practice, etc., which seems to be normal given their maturational context. Finally, from a work point of view, it is confirmed that the practice of exercise to avoid anxiety is implicit in employees, the practice of physical exercise despite being injured is linked to the unemployed and participation in this type of tests with The goal of improving health and weight is linked to employed and unemployed. With all this, high-demand events can be framed in two different but convergent positions: one as an ultimate goal in which the athlete positions it in his life as the main guide of his existence, or another as a means to achieve a projection in other aspects of life. life of the athlete.
Sports practice today is a driving force used by many as an escape from the vital reality that haunts citizens in their daily lives. It is a mass social phenomenon that is carried out to improve the health of the practitioner by coping with stressful situations that predominate so much in our current society. Through sports and physical activity, individuals have expanded their resources and strengths, optimizing their resilience and adaptation to the environment. The research aims to determine the degree of motivation, dependence and identity of athletes in high-demand events in the areas of physical health, sporting achievements and psychosocial aspects. In addition, it seeks to know the degree of identity of the athletes with the sports event, establish causal relationships between the motivation to participate in the test and sociodemographic aspects such as age and sex, provide information to the organizers of sporting events and recognize possible statistical differences between groups (educational level, employment status, age and sex) that encourage athletes to participate in this type of events. Through a survey based on three validated scales, data on motivation, identity and dependence on exercise were collected from 387 unprofessional athletes whose age range was between 18 and 74 years old. The results show that themost influential factor in motivation is the meaning of life and self-esteem, in sports identity it is negative affectivity and in dependence on exercise it is time. In addition, the study discovers the variables that significantly predict running and competition, such as the meaning of life and self-esteem, which were predicted by scoring high on the subscales of exceeding personal goals and competition, affiliation, psychological goals, abstinence and time, and by scoring low on the desired effects subscale. In turn, it should be noted that men stand out significantly in the subscales of weight, recognition and social identity while women do so in meaning of life and self-esteem. 10 Referring to the academic level, students present high levels in most of the motivational subscales, especially those related to intrinsic motivation, while on the contrary, employees show the lowest levels. Regarding the dependency values, the students present values well above those of employed and unemployed in terms of time spent, continuous increase in activity, lack of control to reduce exercise practice, etc., which seems to be normal given their maturational context. Finally, from a work point of view, it is confirmed that the practice of exercise to avoid anxiety is implicit in employees, the practice of physical exercise despite being injured is linked to the unemployed and participation in this type of tests with The goal of improving health and weight is linked to employed and unemployed. With all this, high-demand events can be framed in two different but convergent positions: one as an ultimate goal in which the athlete positions it in his life as the main guide of his existence, or another as a means to achieve a projection in other aspects of life. life of the athlete.
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Tesis inédita presentada en la Universidad Europea de Madrid. Escuela de Doctorado e Investigación. Programa de Doctorado en Actividad Física y Deporte
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Bibliographic reference
Ordóñez Ontiveros, Y. (2023). Motivación, identidad y dependencia en los deportistas que practican pruebas de alta exigencia [Tesis doctoral, Universidad Europea de Madrid]. ABACUS Repositorio de Producción Científica. http://hdl.handle.net/11268/12795








