Physical models and simulators in veterinary education: current status, learning impact, and future perspectives

Abstract

Veterinary education is undergoing a significant transformation, driven by the increasing integration of physical models and simulation-based training into aca-demic curricula. This review highlights the evolving role of these tools in veterinary programs, encompassing both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The authors describe and categorize the differences between models and simulators and explore their global and temporal adoption. Ultimately, simulation represents a paradigm shift in veterinary education, align-ing ethical responsibility with academic excellence and clinical preparedness.