Off- and On-Bike Resistance Training in Cyclists: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

Purpose: This study compared the effects of off- and on-bike resistance training (RT) on endurance cycling performance as well as muscle strength, power and structure.

Methods: Well-trained male cyclists were randomly assigned to incorporate two sessions/week of off- (full squats, n = 12) or on-bike (all-out efforts performed against very high resistances and thus at very low cadences, n = 12) RT during 10 weeks, with all RT-related variables [number of sessions, sets, and repetitions, duration of recovery periods, and relative loads (70% of one-repetition maximum)] matched between the two groups. A third, control group (n = 13) did not receive any RT stimulus but all groups completed a cycling training regime of the same volume and intensity. Outcomes included maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), off-bike muscle strength (full squat) and on-bike ('pedaling') muscle strength and peak power capacity (Wingate test), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-determined body composition (muscle/fat mass), and muscle structure (cross-sectional area, pennation angle).

Results: No significant within/between-group effect was found for V̇O2max. Both the off- (mean Δ = 2.6-5.8%) and on-bike (4.5-7.3%) RT groups increased squat and pedaling-specific strength parameters after the intervention compared to the control group (-5.8--3.9%) (p < 0.05) with no significant differences between them. The two RT groups also increased Wingate performance (4.1% and 4.3%, respectively, vs. -4.9% in the control group, p ≤ 0.018), with similar results for muscle cross-sectional area (2.5% and 2.2%, vs. -2.3% in the control group, p ≤ 0.008). No significant within/between-group effect was found for body composition. ConclusionsThe new proposed on-bike RT could be an effective alternative to conventional off-bike RT training for improving overall and pedaling-specific muscle strength, power, and muscle mass.