Proyecto ChemACT: estudio de variables psicosociales asociadas al chemsex y de la eficacia de una intervención grupal basada en la Terapia de Aceptación y Compromiso para abordar el chemsex problemático mediante un ensayo clínico aleatorizado
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Rico Paredes, Rubén
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Antes de presentar la información central de esta tesis, considero fundamental expresar la autenticidad y transparencia que deseo definan mi labor como terapeuta y científico contextual. Como autor de esta obra, y en reconocimiento de lo que mi historia de aprendizaje ha servido como moldeamiento en la construcción de mi identidad, me describo e identifico como hombre, cisgénero, blanco y homosexual. Creo relevante comenzar destacando esta información, ya que esta identidad ha servido, en parte, también como contexto en el que han surgido y continúan desarrollándose mis propias experiencias y reflexiones sobre la sexualidad. Este trabajo tiene como premisa fundamental ofrecer una visión científica desde la perspectiva psicológica del Contextualismo funcional, dejando de lado mi experiencia personal, para abordar las posibles problemáticas asociadas al uso sexualizado de drogas dentro del colectivo LGBTIQ+, en particular, entre los hombres que mantienen sexo con hombres.
La necesidad de desarrollar esta investigación se fundamenta en dos pilares principales: por un lado, la elevada vulnerabilidad psicológica que puede derivarse de vivir una orientación sexual diferente a la normativamente establecida, lo que, en algunos casos, puede propiciar la práctica de chemsex en un contexto social que estigmatiza estos comportamientos; y, por otro lado, la escasez de estudios y aplicaciones clínicas que permitan promover una mejor salud psicológica dentro de esta población.
El chemsex puede definirse como una modalidad específica de uso sexualizado de drogas (USD) que implica el consumo intencional de determinadas sustancias psicoactivas, principalmente mefedrona, metanfetamina y GHB/GBL, en contextos sexuales, con el propósito de facilitar, intensificar o prolongar la actividad sexual, así como de modular experiencias asociadas al placer, la excitación, la resistencia o la desinhibición. Aunque se asocia especialmente a hombres gais, bisexuales y otros hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (GBHSH), también está presente en personas trans, no binarias y, en menor medida, en otros grupos de población. Aunque no siempre implica un patrón problemático, puede llegar a convertirse en un patrón de comportamiento de alto riesgo cuando se asocia a pérdida de control, hipersexualidad, aislamiento social, deterioro de la salud física o psicológica, e impacto negativo en la vida de la persona. En este marco, la presente tesis doctoral se planteó dos objetivos generales: (1) examinar los factores psicológicos asociados a la vulnerabilidad frente al chemsex y (2) evaluar la eficacia de una intervención psicológica grupal basada en la Terapia de Aceptación y Compromiso (ACT) para personas con práctica problemática de chemsex. Para ello se diseñó un programa de investigación en dos fases: un estudio observacional y dos estudios clínicos (piloto y aleatorizado).
En primer lugar, se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional con una muestra de 265 compuesta principalmente por hombres gais y bisexuales residentes en España, con el objetivo de analizar la contribución de la inflexibilidad psicológica, la soledad, la homofobia interiorizada y las habilidades para generar intimidad a la práctica del chemsex, modelada a través de la hipersexualidad y el consumo de sustancias. Los resultados del análisis de senderos mostraron que la inflexibilidad psicológica fue el principal predictor tanto de la hipersexualidad como del consumo de sustancias, confirmando su papel central en el mantenimiento de estas conductas. La soledad se asoció significativamente con ambas, mientras que la homofobia interiorizada predijo específicamente la hipersexualidad. Las dificultades de intimidad, aunque sin efecto predictivo directo, se relacionaron con otras variables de malestar. Estos hallazgos evidencian que los patrones de inflexibilidad psicológica, autoestigma y condiciones de soledad constituyen factores clave para entender la persistencia de la práctica de chemsex.
A partir de los hallazgos del estudio observacional se diseñó un estudio clínico piloto que consistió en la implementación de un protocolo grupal online de ocho sesiones basado en ACT. El objetivo principal fue examinar la viabilidad, la aceptación y la potencial eficacia de esta intervención en personas con práctica problemática de chemsex. El grupo piloto estuvo conformado por una muestra de 5 hombres gais que presentaban dificultades asociadas a dicha práctica. Los resultados preliminares evidenciaron reducciones significativas en hipersexualidad y consumo de sustancias, con mejoras mantenidas en el seguimiento. Asimismo, se identificó la flexibilidad psicológica como un posible mecanismo de cambio. Las altas tasas de adherencia y satisfacción con el formato grupal online confirmaron la viabilidad y aceptabilidad de la intervención, sentando las bases para su posterior evaluación mediante un ensayo clínico de mayor alcance.
Finalmente, se implementó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado con 36 participantes, aleatorizados en dos condiciones experimentales: intervención inmediata (n = 18) y lista de espera (n = 18). La intervención se aplicó siguiendo el protocolo ajustado del piloto, con medidas en pretratamiento, periodo de control, postratamiento y seguimiento. Los resultados mostraron que, en comparación con la lista de espera, los participantes del grupo experimental presentaron reducciones significativas en inflexibilidad psicológica, hipersexualidad, consumo de sustancias y síntomas emocionales, así como incrementos en flexibilidad psicológica e intimidad. Estos efectos se mantuvieron en el seguimiento, confirmando la eficacia de la ACT para abordar el chemsex problemático. Estas mejoras no se limitaron a las variables de cuestionario, ya que los autorregistros conductuales de indicadores de cambio (como la frecuencia de encuentros sexuales, número de parejas o intensidad del impulso asociado al chemsex) también reflejaron descensos clínicamente relevantes, confirmando la coherencia entre los cambios subjetivos y los comportamentales. Por otro lado, el grupo asignado inicialmente a lista de espera no mostró mejoras durante el periodo sin tratamiento, lo que confirma la estabilidad de las medidas en ausencia de intervención. Sin embargo, tras acceder al programa, este grupo replicó los mismos patrones de cambio positivo que habían presentado previamente los participantes del grupo experimental, alcanzando reducciones significativas en las mismas variables clínicas y de autorregistro.
En conjunto, los resultados de esta tesis confirman que la inflexibilidad psicológica, la soledad y la homofobia interiorizada son variables centrales que explican la vulnerabilidad al chemsex en GBHSH. Asimismo, demuestran que una intervención grupal online basada en ACT constituye una alternativa terapéutica eficaz, viable y culturalmente adaptada para reducir el impacto del chemsex problemático y mejorar la salud psicológica de quienes lo practican. Más allá de la evidencia clínica, este trabajo aporta un marco conceptual integrador desde el Contextualismo funcional para comprender este fenómeno, y ofrece bases sólidas para el diseño de futuras investigaciones e intervenciones dirigidas a esta población.
Before presenting the central information of this thesis, I consider it essential to express the authenticity and transparency that I wish to define my work as a therapist and contextual scientist. As the author of this work, and in acknowledgment of the role that my learning history has played in shaping my identity, I describe and identify myself as a cisgender, white, homosexual man. I find it relevant to highlight this information from the outset, as this identity has, in part, also served as the context within which my own experiences and reflections on sexuality have emerged and continue to develop. The fundamental premise of this work is to provide a scientific perspective from the framework of functional contextualism, setting aside my personal experiences, to examine the potential issues associated with the sexualized use of drugs within the LGBTIQ+ community, particularly among men who have sex with men. The need to conduct this research is based on two main pillars: first, the significant psychological vulnerability that may arise from living with a sexual orientation that differs from the socially established norm, which, in some cases, can lead to the practice of chemsex within a societal context that stigmatizes such behaviors; and second, the lack of studies and clinical applications that could contribute to improving the psychological well-being of this population. Chemsex can be defined as a specific form of sexualized drug use (SDU) that involves the intentional consumption of certain psychoactive substances—primarily mephedrone, methamphetamine, and GHB/GBL—during sexual encounters, with the aim of facilitating, intensifying, or prolonging sexual activity, as well as modulating experiences related to pleasure, arousal, stamina, or disinhibition. While most frequently associated with gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM), it also occurs among transgender, non-binary, and, to a lesser extent, other populations. Although chemsex does not always imply a problematic pattern, it can become a high-risk behavior when associated with loss of control, hypersexuality, social isolation, deterioration of physical or psychological health, and negative impacts on daily life. Within this framework, the present doctoral research pursued two overarching objectives: (1) to examine the psychological factors associated with vulnerability to chemsex and (2) to evaluate the efficacy of a group-based psychological intervention grounded in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for individuals engaged in problematic chemsex. To this end, a two-phase research program was designed: an observational study and two clinical studies (a pilot trial and a randomized controlled trial). First, an observational study was conducted with a sample of 265 participants, primarily gay and bisexual men residing in Spain, with the aim of analyzing the contribution of psychological inflexibility, loneliness, internalized homophobia, and intimacy skills to chemsex practice, modeled through hypersexuality and substance use. Path analysis revealed that psychological inflexibility was the strongest predictor of both hypersexuality and substance use, confirming its central role in maintaining these behaviors. Loneliness was significantly associated with both outcomes, while internalized homophobia specifically predicted hypersexuality. Difficulties in intimacy, although not a direct predictor, were associated with other indicators of psychological distress. These findings highlight that psychological inflexibility, self-stigma, and conditions of loneliness constitute key factors in understanding the persistence of chemsex practices. Building on these findings, a pilot clinical trial was designed to implement an online, eight-session group protocol based on ACT. The main objective was to examine the feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of this intervention for individuals with problematic chemsex practices. The pilot group consisted of five gay men experiencing difficulties related to chemsex. Preliminary results showed significant reductions in hypersexuality and substance use, with improvements maintained at follow-up. Psychological flexibility emerged as a possible mechanism of change. High rates of adherence and satisfaction with the online group format confirmed the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention, laying the groundwork for its subsequent evaluation in a larger trial. Finally, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted with 36 participants, randomized into two experimental conditions: immediate intervention (n = 18) and waitlist control (n = 18). The intervention followed the adjusted pilot protocol, with assessments conducted at pretreatment, control, posttreatment, and follow-up. Results indicated that, compared to the waitlist, participants in the experimental group showed significant reductions in psychological inflexibility, hypersexuality, problematic substance use, and emotional symptoms, as well as increases in psychological flexibility and intimacy. These effects were maintained at follow-up, confirming the efficacy of ACT in addressing problematic chemsex. Importantly, improvements were not limited to questionnaire-based measures: behavioral self-monitoring records of change indicators (such as the frequency of sexual encounters, number of partners, or intensity of urges linked to chemsex) also showed clinically relevant decreases, confirming the consistency between subjective and behavioral outcomes. Moreover, the waitlist group did not exhibit improvements during the control period, underscoring the stability of measures in the absence of intervention. However, once granted access to the program, this group replicated the same positive patterns of change previously observed in the experimental group, achieving significant reductions in both clinical outcomes and behavioral indicators. Taken together, the findings of this thesis confirm that psychological inflexibility, loneliness, and internalized homophobia are central variables explaining vulnerability to chemsex among GBMSM. Furthermore, they demonstrate that an online, group-based ACT intervention constitutes an effective, feasible, and culturally adapted therapeutic alternative for reducing the impact of problematic chemsex and improving psychological health among those who engage in it. Beyond clinical evidence, this work contributes an integrative conceptual framework from functional contextualism for understanding this phenomenon and provides a solid foundation for the design of future research and interventions targeting this population.
Before presenting the central information of this thesis, I consider it essential to express the authenticity and transparency that I wish to define my work as a therapist and contextual scientist. As the author of this work, and in acknowledgment of the role that my learning history has played in shaping my identity, I describe and identify myself as a cisgender, white, homosexual man. I find it relevant to highlight this information from the outset, as this identity has, in part, also served as the context within which my own experiences and reflections on sexuality have emerged and continue to develop. The fundamental premise of this work is to provide a scientific perspective from the framework of functional contextualism, setting aside my personal experiences, to examine the potential issues associated with the sexualized use of drugs within the LGBTIQ+ community, particularly among men who have sex with men. The need to conduct this research is based on two main pillars: first, the significant psychological vulnerability that may arise from living with a sexual orientation that differs from the socially established norm, which, in some cases, can lead to the practice of chemsex within a societal context that stigmatizes such behaviors; and second, the lack of studies and clinical applications that could contribute to improving the psychological well-being of this population. Chemsex can be defined as a specific form of sexualized drug use (SDU) that involves the intentional consumption of certain psychoactive substances—primarily mephedrone, methamphetamine, and GHB/GBL—during sexual encounters, with the aim of facilitating, intensifying, or prolonging sexual activity, as well as modulating experiences related to pleasure, arousal, stamina, or disinhibition. While most frequently associated with gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM), it also occurs among transgender, non-binary, and, to a lesser extent, other populations. Although chemsex does not always imply a problematic pattern, it can become a high-risk behavior when associated with loss of control, hypersexuality, social isolation, deterioration of physical or psychological health, and negative impacts on daily life. Within this framework, the present doctoral research pursued two overarching objectives: (1) to examine the psychological factors associated with vulnerability to chemsex and (2) to evaluate the efficacy of a group-based psychological intervention grounded in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) for individuals engaged in problematic chemsex. To this end, a two-phase research program was designed: an observational study and two clinical studies (a pilot trial and a randomized controlled trial). First, an observational study was conducted with a sample of 265 participants, primarily gay and bisexual men residing in Spain, with the aim of analyzing the contribution of psychological inflexibility, loneliness, internalized homophobia, and intimacy skills to chemsex practice, modeled through hypersexuality and substance use. Path analysis revealed that psychological inflexibility was the strongest predictor of both hypersexuality and substance use, confirming its central role in maintaining these behaviors. Loneliness was significantly associated with both outcomes, while internalized homophobia specifically predicted hypersexuality. Difficulties in intimacy, although not a direct predictor, were associated with other indicators of psychological distress. These findings highlight that psychological inflexibility, self-stigma, and conditions of loneliness constitute key factors in understanding the persistence of chemsex practices. Building on these findings, a pilot clinical trial was designed to implement an online, eight-session group protocol based on ACT. The main objective was to examine the feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of this intervention for individuals with problematic chemsex practices. The pilot group consisted of five gay men experiencing difficulties related to chemsex. Preliminary results showed significant reductions in hypersexuality and substance use, with improvements maintained at follow-up. Psychological flexibility emerged as a possible mechanism of change. High rates of adherence and satisfaction with the online group format confirmed the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention, laying the groundwork for its subsequent evaluation in a larger trial. Finally, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted with 36 participants, randomized into two experimental conditions: immediate intervention (n = 18) and waitlist control (n = 18). The intervention followed the adjusted pilot protocol, with assessments conducted at pretreatment, control, posttreatment, and follow-up. Results indicated that, compared to the waitlist, participants in the experimental group showed significant reductions in psychological inflexibility, hypersexuality, problematic substance use, and emotional symptoms, as well as increases in psychological flexibility and intimacy. These effects were maintained at follow-up, confirming the efficacy of ACT in addressing problematic chemsex. Importantly, improvements were not limited to questionnaire-based measures: behavioral self-monitoring records of change indicators (such as the frequency of sexual encounters, number of partners, or intensity of urges linked to chemsex) also showed clinically relevant decreases, confirming the consistency between subjective and behavioral outcomes. Moreover, the waitlist group did not exhibit improvements during the control period, underscoring the stability of measures in the absence of intervention. However, once granted access to the program, this group replicated the same positive patterns of change previously observed in the experimental group, achieving significant reductions in both clinical outcomes and behavioral indicators. Taken together, the findings of this thesis confirm that psychological inflexibility, loneliness, and internalized homophobia are central variables explaining vulnerability to chemsex among GBMSM. Furthermore, they demonstrate that an online, group-based ACT intervention constitutes an effective, feasible, and culturally adapted therapeutic alternative for reducing the impact of problematic chemsex and improving psychological health among those who engage in it. Beyond clinical evidence, this work contributes an integrative conceptual framework from functional contextualism for understanding this phenomenon and provides a solid foundation for the design of future research and interventions targeting this population.
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“Tesis inédita presentada en la Universidad Europea de Madrid. Escuela de Doctorado e Investigación. Programa de Doctorado en Intervención Psicológica Clínica y Sanitaria”
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Rico Paredes, R. (2026). Proyecto ChemACT: estudio de variables psicosociales asociadas al chemsex y de la eficacia de una intervención grupal basada en la Terapia de Aceptación y Compromiso para abordar el chemsex problemático mediante un ensayo clínico aleatorizado. [Tesis doctoral, Universidad Europea de Madrid]. ABACUS Repositorio de Producción Científica. https://hdl.handle.net/11268/16977







