A Hybrid Statistical–Fuzzy Decision Framework for Housing and Rental Price Dynamics: Evidence from Spain

Abstract

Real estate markets demand a nuanced comprehension of the evolving interplay between housing prices and rental rates. Traditional economic theory posits that rents drive property prices; however, contemporary evidence indicates a reversal, suggesting that fluctuations in housing prices can, in fact, influence rent levels. This study introduces a decision-support analytics framework to address this phenomenon, combining fractional integration (ARFIMA), fractional cointegration (FCVAR), and time–frequency domain causality analysis.