Aplicaciones biotecnológicas de las enzimas de la ruta de salvamento de purinas y pirimidinas
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Los nucleósidos y nucleósidos-5'-monofosfato son biomoléculas esenciales para la vida que desempeñan roles clave en la transmisión de información genética,
el almacenamiento de energía y la regulación metabólica. Por ello, la síntesis y modificación de estas moléculas representan una estrategia prometedora para abordar desafíos biomédicos y biotecnológicos emergentes, siendo fundamentales en el desarrollo de complementos nutricionales, fármacos
antivirales y antitumorales entre otras.
La presente tesis explora el desarrollo de bioprocesos sostenibles para la síntesis de nucleósidos, nucleósidos-5'-monofosfato y sus análogos. En este sentido, el
trabajo realizado se alinea con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, particularmente el ODS 9 (Industria, Innovación e Infraestructura), el ODS 13
(Acción por el Clima) y el ODS 12 (Producción y Consumo Responsables). Los procesos biotecnológicos propuestos en esta tesis buscan reducir
significativamente la huella ambiental, promoviendo alternativas limpias mediante el uso de enzimas que minimizan el uso de agentes químicos
perjudiciales, la generación de residuos y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.
En este contexto, la síntesis enzimática de nucleósidos, nucleósidos-5'- monofosfato y sus análogos mediada por nucleósido 2'- desoxirribosiltransferasas (NDT) y fosforribosiltransferasas (PRT) emerge como un pilar fundamental debido a su eficiencia y especificidad. Los resultados de la
presente tesis revelan avances significativos en la comprensión y aplicación de estas enzimas. En las PRT, se han identificado características estructurales
fundamentales que explican su especificidad de sustrato y mecanismos catalíticos, lo que ha permitido optimizar su uso en la síntesis de nucleósidos-5'- monofosfato. Esto se ha traducido en mejoras concretas en el desarrollo de biocatalizadores, como la inmovilización de un mutante de la enzima uracilo
fosforribosiltransferasa de Toxoplasma gondii para la síntesis de 5- fluorouridina-5'-monofosfato (5-FUMP) empleado en la industria biomédica.
También ha permitido desarrollar un bioproceso mediado por un biocatalizador bifuncional para la síntesis simultanea de diferentes nucleósidos-5'-
monofosfato con aplicaciones biotecnológicas.
En el caso de las NDT, se ha caracterizado la primera enzima de esta familia capaz de actuar sobre ribonucleósidos, estableciendo las bases para la síntesis
de estas moléculas mediada por NDT. Además, estas enzimas han mostrado una notable versatilidad en la producción de análogos de nucleósidos esenciales
para terapias antivirales y antitumorales. Finalmente, gracias a la versatilidad de estas enzimas junto con las PRT, se ha desarrollado un sistema multienzimático
para la síntesis simultanea de análogos de nucleósidos y nucleósidos-5'- monofosfato con potencial aplicación en la industria biomédica y alimentaria
respectivamente.
Nucleosides and nucleosides-5'-monophosphate are essential biomolecules for life, playing key roles in genetic information transmission, energy storage, and metabolic regulation. Therefore, the synthesis and modification of these molecules represent a promising strategy to address emerging biomedical and biotechnological challenges, being fundamental in the development of nutritional supplements, antiviral, and antitumor drugs, among others. This thesis explores the development of sustainable bioprocesses for the synthesis of nucleosides, nucleosides-5'-monophosphate, and their analogs. Hence, a relevant aspect of this research is its alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure), SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 12 (Responsible Production and Consumption). The biotechnological processes proposed in this thesis aim to significantly reduce the environmental footprint, promoting clean alternatives using enzymes that minimize the use of harmful chemical agents, waste generation, and greenhouse gas emissions. In this context, the enzymatic synthesis of nucleosides, nucleoside-5'- monophosphate, and their analogs mediated by nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferases (NDTs) and phosphoribosyltransferases (PRTs) emerge as a fundamental pillar due to its efficiency and specificity. The results of this thesis reveal significant advances in the understanding and application of these enzymes. For PRTs, fundamental structural features were identified that explain their substrate specificity and catalytic mechanisms, which allowed optimizing their use in nucleoside-5'-monophosphate synthesis. This translated into concrete improvements in the development of biocatalysts, such as the immobilization of a mutant Toxoplasma gondii uracil phosphoribosyltransferase for the synthesis of 5-fluorouridine-5'-monophosphate (5-FUMP), used in the biomedical industry. It also enabled the development of a bioprocess mediated by a bifunctional biocatalyst for the simultaneous synthesis of different key nucleoside-5'-monophosphate for biotechnological applications. In the case of NDTs, the first enzyme within this family exhibiting activity toward ribonucleosides-5'-monophosphate was characterized, thereby establishing the foundational basis for ribonucleoside synthesis mediated by NDTs. Additionally, these enzymes demonstrated remarkable versatility in the production of nucleoside analogs essential for antiviral and antitumor therapies. Finally, due to the versatility of these enzymes alongside PRTs, a multi-enzymatic system was developed for the simultaneous synthesis of nucleoside and nucleoside-5'- monophosphate analogs with potential applications in the biomedical and food industries, respectively.
Nucleosides and nucleosides-5'-monophosphate are essential biomolecules for life, playing key roles in genetic information transmission, energy storage, and metabolic regulation. Therefore, the synthesis and modification of these molecules represent a promising strategy to address emerging biomedical and biotechnological challenges, being fundamental in the development of nutritional supplements, antiviral, and antitumor drugs, among others. This thesis explores the development of sustainable bioprocesses for the synthesis of nucleosides, nucleosides-5'-monophosphate, and their analogs. Hence, a relevant aspect of this research is its alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure), SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 12 (Responsible Production and Consumption). The biotechnological processes proposed in this thesis aim to significantly reduce the environmental footprint, promoting clean alternatives using enzymes that minimize the use of harmful chemical agents, waste generation, and greenhouse gas emissions. In this context, the enzymatic synthesis of nucleosides, nucleoside-5'- monophosphate, and their analogs mediated by nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferases (NDTs) and phosphoribosyltransferases (PRTs) emerge as a fundamental pillar due to its efficiency and specificity. The results of this thesis reveal significant advances in the understanding and application of these enzymes. For PRTs, fundamental structural features were identified that explain their substrate specificity and catalytic mechanisms, which allowed optimizing their use in nucleoside-5'-monophosphate synthesis. This translated into concrete improvements in the development of biocatalysts, such as the immobilization of a mutant Toxoplasma gondii uracil phosphoribosyltransferase for the synthesis of 5-fluorouridine-5'-monophosphate (5-FUMP), used in the biomedical industry. It also enabled the development of a bioprocess mediated by a bifunctional biocatalyst for the simultaneous synthesis of different key nucleoside-5'-monophosphate for biotechnological applications. In the case of NDTs, the first enzyme within this family exhibiting activity toward ribonucleosides-5'-monophosphate was characterized, thereby establishing the foundational basis for ribonucleoside synthesis mediated by NDTs. Additionally, these enzymes demonstrated remarkable versatility in the production of nucleoside analogs essential for antiviral and antitumor therapies. Finally, due to the versatility of these enzymes alongside PRTs, a multi-enzymatic system was developed for the simultaneous synthesis of nucleoside and nucleoside-5'- monophosphate analogs with potential applications in the biomedical and food industries, respectively.
Description
“Tesis inédita presentada en la Universidad Europea de Madrid. Escuela de Doctorado e Investigación. Programa de Doctorado en Biomedicina y Ciencias de la Salud”
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Bibliographic reference
Acosta Bueno, J. (2025). Aplicaciones biotecnológicas de las enzimas de la ruta de salvamento de purinas y pirimidinas. [Tesis doctoral, Universidad Europea de Madrid]. ABACUS Repositorio de Producción Científica. https://hdl.handle.net/11268/16764








