Regulación de la respuesta inflamatoria de células alveolares humanas por micro RNAs candidatos. Propuesta de nuevas dianas terapéuticas del Daño Pulmonar Agudo
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Giovanni Garofalo, Antonio María
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Herrero Hernández, Raquel
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Introducción. El síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA) es un proceso inflamatorio del pulmón caracterizado por liberación de citoquinas, acumulación de neutrófilos, lesión del endotelio y del epitelio alveolar, aumento de la permeabilidad vascular y cambios histológicos conocidos genéricamente como daño alveolar difuso. En general, la condición que en animales modeliza este síndrome se denomina también daño pulmonar agudo (DPA).
Uno de los mecanismos de control de la respuesta inflamatoria está mediado por cambios en la expresión de micro-RNAs, que juegan un papel importante en la modulación postranscripcional de la expresión génica y en la retroalimentación positiva o negativa de las vías de señalización implicadas en la inflamación. Los micro-RNAs actúan también como reguladores de la apoptosis en el DPA.
El DPA es una entidad muy prevalente en pacientes sometidos a ventilación mecánica, se asocia a una elevada mortalidad y carece actualmente de una intervención farmacológica efectiva. Hasta el momento, sólo la ventilación protectora con volúmenes corriente bajos y la posición prona se han demostrado eficaces para reducir la mortalidad en pacientes con SDRA. Por eso, es de crucial importancia el descubrimiento de mecanismos implicados en su patogénesis, biomarcadores de utilidad clínica y nuevas dianas terapéuticas.
Objetivo. El presente estudio se propone demostrar que los micro-RNAs miR-27a-5p y miR-146a-5p son dianas terapéuticas en el DPA. El objetivo específico es demostrar que la modulación de la expresión de miR-27a-5p y miR-146a-5p regula la respuesta inflamatoria en el DPA. El diseño del proyecto incluye demostrar que (i) la expresión de los miR cambia tras el tratamiento de células epiteliales alveolares humanas (HPAEpiC) con los estímulos inflamatorio sutilizados (LPS, TNF-α e IL-1β); (ii) es posible la modulación de la expresión de miR-27a-5p y miR-146a-5p mediante transfección de HPAEpiC con moléculas de inhibidores o miméticos (pérdida y ganancia de la función, respectivamente); (iii) el tratamiento con moléculas de inhibidores o miméticos no cambia la viabilidad celular; (iv) los estímulos inflamatorios utilizados en HPAEpiC inducen de facto una respuesta inflamatoria; (v) cambios inducidos en la expresión de los micro-RNAs de interés (pérdida o ganancia de función) se asocian con cambios en la respuesta inflamatoria en células HPAEpiC sometidas a estímulos inflamatorios; (vi) genes implicados en la respuesta inflamatoria y en la apoptosis (ie., IRAK-1, FasL, caspasa 3) se encuentran entre las dianas biológicas de los micro-RNAs de interés.
Materiales y Métodos. Como modelo de DPA se han utilizado células HPAEpiC sometidas a estímulos inflamatorios mediante el tratamiento con LPS, TNF-α e IL-1β. Se han determinado los niveles de expresión de miR-27a-5p y miR-146a-5p mediante PCR cuantitativa. Los efectos de los micro-RNAs de interés (pérdida o ganancia de la función) se estudiaron mediante ensayos de transfección de HPAEpiC con moléculas inhibidoras o miméticas de miR-27a-5p y de miR-146a-5p. La viabilidad de HPAEpiCC se estudió mediante cambios de absobancia con PrestonBlue. La respuesta inflamatoria se ha evaluado mediante la determinación de IL-6, IL-8 y MCP-1 (ELISA) en respuesta a estímulos inflamatorios (i.e. LPS, TNF-α e IL-1β). Las dianas biológicas se han medido mediante ensayos de transfección con construcciones de la región 3´UTR del promotor de la diana correspodiente unida al gen de luciferasa in vitro.
Resultados. (i) El tratamiento con LPS, TNF-α e IL-1β aumentó la expresión de miR-27a-5p y miR-146a-5p en HPAEpiC. (ii) La transfección de HPAEpiC con moléculas inhibidoras o miméticos cambió la expresión de los micro-RNA de interés. (iii) La transfección de HPAEpiC con moléculas inhibidoras o miméticos no cambió la viabilidad de HPAEpiC. (iv) HPAEpiC desarrollaron una respuesta inflamatoria (medida por la liberación de IL-6, IL-8 y MCP-1) tras la estimulación con LPS, TNF-α e IL-1β. (v) La interferencia de los micro-RNAs de interés (mediante la transfección con inhibidores o miméticos) cambió la magnitud de la respuesta inflamatoria. La transfección con el inhibidor de miR-27a-5p disminuyó la respuesta inflamatoria tras el tratamiento con LPS, IL-1β y TNF-α, mientras que la transfección con el mimético de miR-27a-5p se asoció con un efecto pro-inflamatorio. La transfección con el inhibidor de miR-146a-5p se asoció con un aumento de la liberación de IL-6, IL-8 y MCP-1 tras la estimulación con LPS, IL-1β y TNF-α. La transfección con mimético de miR-146a-5p se asoció sin embargo con un efecto anti-inflamatorio. (vi) Mediante la unión a la región reguladora 3´UTR del promotor, se demostró que miR-27a-5p regula negativamente los genes FasL y caspasa 3, mientras que miR-146a-5p regula negativamente IRAK-1 y caspasa 3.
Conclusiones. El tratamiento de HPAEpiC con estímulos inflamatorios induce una respuesta inflamatoria y la expresión de miR-27a-5p y miR-146a-5p. La modulación de la expresión de estos micro-RNAs se asocia con un cambio en la respuesta inflamatoria en nuestro modelo: la inhibición del miR-27a-5p y de miR-146a-5p induce efectos anti- y pro-inflamatorios, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, se ha demostrado que FasL y caspasa 3 (dos mediadores apoptóticos) e IRAK-1 son dianas biológicas de los micro-RNA estudiados. Estos hallazgos refuerzan la hipótesis de que miR-27a-5p y miR-146a-5p participan en la respuesta inflamatoria y en el proceso de apoptosis en el DPA. MiR-27a-5p y miR-146a-5p pueden ser dianas terapéuticas en el DPA.
Infroduction. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an inflammatory process of the lung characterized by cytokine release, accumulation of neutrophils, alveolar endothelial and epithelial damage, increased vascular permeability and histological changes, known generically as diffuse alveolar damage. In general, the condition that models this syndrome in animals is called acute lung injury (ALI). One of the mechanisms that controls the inflammatory response is mediated by changes in the expression of micro-RNAs, which play an important role in the post-transcriptional modulation of gene expression and in the positive or negative feedback of the signaling pathways involved in inflammation. Micro-RNAs also act as regulators of apoptosis in ALI. ALI is a very prevalent entity in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation, is associated with high mortality and currently there is a lack of an effective pharmacological intervention. So far, only protective ventilation with low tidal volumes and prone position have been shown to be effective in reducing mortality in patients with ARDS. Therefore, the discovery of mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis, biomarkers of clinical utility and new therapeutic targets is of crucial importance. Objective. We planned to prove that certain micro-RNAs (miR-27a-5p and miR-146a-5p) can represent therapeutic targets in ALI. The specific objective was to demonstrate that the modulation of the expression of miR-27a-5p and miR-146a-5p regulates the inflammatory response in ALI. The project design includes the demonstration that (i) the expression of these micro-RNAs increases after treatment of human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiC) with the inflammatory stimuli used (LPS, TNF-α and IL-1β); (ii) it is possible, in the present model, to modulate the expression of miR-27a-5p and miR-146a-5p by transfection of HPAEpiC with interfering molecules or mimics (loss and gain of function, respectively); (iii) treatment with interfering molecules or mimics does not affect cell viability; (iv) the inflammatory stimuli used in HPAEpiC induces an inflammatory response de facto; (v) changes induced in the expression of the micro-RNAs of interest (loss or gain of function) are associated with changes in the inflammatory response in HPAEpiC cells subjected to inflammatory stimuli; (vi) genes involved in the inflammatory response and in apoptosis (ie, IRAK-1, FasL, caspase 3) are among the biological targets of the micro-RNAs of interest. Materials and Methods. As an ALI model, we used HPAEpiC cells subjected to inflammatory stimuli by treatment with LPS, TNF-α and IL-1β. The expression of miR-27a-5p and miR-146a-5p were determined by real-time PCR. The effects of the micro-RNAs of interest (loss or gain of function) were studied by transfection of HPAEpiC with inhibitors or mimics of miR-27a-5p and miR-146a-5p. The viability of HPAEpiC was studied measuring changes in absobance with PrestonBlue. The inflammatory response was evaluated by the determination of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 (ELISA) in response to inflammatory mediator stimuli (i.e. LPS, TNF-α and IL-1β). Biological targets have been measured by luciferase assays in vitro. Results. (i) Treatment with LPS, TNF-α and IL-1β increased the expression of miR-27a-5p and miR-146a-5p in HPAEpiC. (ii) Transfection of HPAEpiC with inhibitors or mimics changed the concentration of the micro-RNA of interest. (iii) Transfection of HPAEpiC with inhibitors or mimics did not change the viability of HPAEpiC. (iv) HPAEpiC developed an inflammatory response (measured by the release of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1) after stimulation with LPS, TNF-α and IL-1β. (v) The interference of the micro-RNAs of interest (by transfection with inhibitors or mimics) changed the magnitude of the inflammatory response. Transfection with miR-27a-5p inhibitor reduced the inflammatory response after treatment with LPS, IL-1β and TNF-α, whereas transfection with mimic was associated with a pro-inflammatory effect. Transfection with miR-146a-5p inhibitor was associated with an increased release of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 after stimulation with LPS, IL-1β and TNF-α. MiR-146a-5p mimic transfection was, however, associated with an anti-inflammatory effect. (vi) By binding to the 3'UTR regulatory region of the promoter, it was shown that miR-27a-5p negatively regulates the Fas ligand (FasL) and caspase 3 genes, while miR-146a-5p negatively regulates IRAK-1 and caspase 3. Conclusions. Treatment of HPAEpiC with inflammatory stimuli induces an inflammatory response and the expression of miR-27a-5p and miR-146a-5p. The modulation of the expression of these micro-RNAs is associated with a change in the inflammatory response in our model: the inhibition of miR-27a-5p and miR-146a-5p induces anti-and pro-inflammatory effects, respectively. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that FasL and caspase 3 (two apoptotic mediators) and IRAK-1 are biological targets of the micro-RNAs studied. These findings reinforce the hypothesis that miR-27a-5p and miR-146a-5p participate in the inflammatory response and in the process of apoptosis in ALI. MiR-27a-5p and miR-146a-5p could be therapeutic targets in this condition.
Infroduction. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an inflammatory process of the lung characterized by cytokine release, accumulation of neutrophils, alveolar endothelial and epithelial damage, increased vascular permeability and histological changes, known generically as diffuse alveolar damage. In general, the condition that models this syndrome in animals is called acute lung injury (ALI). One of the mechanisms that controls the inflammatory response is mediated by changes in the expression of micro-RNAs, which play an important role in the post-transcriptional modulation of gene expression and in the positive or negative feedback of the signaling pathways involved in inflammation. Micro-RNAs also act as regulators of apoptosis in ALI. ALI is a very prevalent entity in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation, is associated with high mortality and currently there is a lack of an effective pharmacological intervention. So far, only protective ventilation with low tidal volumes and prone position have been shown to be effective in reducing mortality in patients with ARDS. Therefore, the discovery of mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis, biomarkers of clinical utility and new therapeutic targets is of crucial importance. Objective. We planned to prove that certain micro-RNAs (miR-27a-5p and miR-146a-5p) can represent therapeutic targets in ALI. The specific objective was to demonstrate that the modulation of the expression of miR-27a-5p and miR-146a-5p regulates the inflammatory response in ALI. The project design includes the demonstration that (i) the expression of these micro-RNAs increases after treatment of human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (HPAEpiC) with the inflammatory stimuli used (LPS, TNF-α and IL-1β); (ii) it is possible, in the present model, to modulate the expression of miR-27a-5p and miR-146a-5p by transfection of HPAEpiC with interfering molecules or mimics (loss and gain of function, respectively); (iii) treatment with interfering molecules or mimics does not affect cell viability; (iv) the inflammatory stimuli used in HPAEpiC induces an inflammatory response de facto; (v) changes induced in the expression of the micro-RNAs of interest (loss or gain of function) are associated with changes in the inflammatory response in HPAEpiC cells subjected to inflammatory stimuli; (vi) genes involved in the inflammatory response and in apoptosis (ie, IRAK-1, FasL, caspase 3) are among the biological targets of the micro-RNAs of interest. Materials and Methods. As an ALI model, we used HPAEpiC cells subjected to inflammatory stimuli by treatment with LPS, TNF-α and IL-1β. The expression of miR-27a-5p and miR-146a-5p were determined by real-time PCR. The effects of the micro-RNAs of interest (loss or gain of function) were studied by transfection of HPAEpiC with inhibitors or mimics of miR-27a-5p and miR-146a-5p. The viability of HPAEpiC was studied measuring changes in absobance with PrestonBlue. The inflammatory response was evaluated by the determination of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 (ELISA) in response to inflammatory mediator stimuli (i.e. LPS, TNF-α and IL-1β). Biological targets have been measured by luciferase assays in vitro. Results. (i) Treatment with LPS, TNF-α and IL-1β increased the expression of miR-27a-5p and miR-146a-5p in HPAEpiC. (ii) Transfection of HPAEpiC with inhibitors or mimics changed the concentration of the micro-RNA of interest. (iii) Transfection of HPAEpiC with inhibitors or mimics did not change the viability of HPAEpiC. (iv) HPAEpiC developed an inflammatory response (measured by the release of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1) after stimulation with LPS, TNF-α and IL-1β. (v) The interference of the micro-RNAs of interest (by transfection with inhibitors or mimics) changed the magnitude of the inflammatory response. Transfection with miR-27a-5p inhibitor reduced the inflammatory response after treatment with LPS, IL-1β and TNF-α, whereas transfection with mimic was associated with a pro-inflammatory effect. Transfection with miR-146a-5p inhibitor was associated with an increased release of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 after stimulation with LPS, IL-1β and TNF-α. MiR-146a-5p mimic transfection was, however, associated with an anti-inflammatory effect. (vi) By binding to the 3'UTR regulatory region of the promoter, it was shown that miR-27a-5p negatively regulates the Fas ligand (FasL) and caspase 3 genes, while miR-146a-5p negatively regulates IRAK-1 and caspase 3. Conclusions. Treatment of HPAEpiC with inflammatory stimuli induces an inflammatory response and the expression of miR-27a-5p and miR-146a-5p. The modulation of the expression of these micro-RNAs is associated with a change in the inflammatory response in our model: the inhibition of miR-27a-5p and miR-146a-5p induces anti-and pro-inflammatory effects, respectively. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that FasL and caspase 3 (two apoptotic mediators) and IRAK-1 are biological targets of the micro-RNAs studied. These findings reinforce the hypothesis that miR-27a-5p and miR-146a-5p participate in the inflammatory response and in the process of apoptosis in ALI. MiR-27a-5p and miR-146a-5p could be therapeutic targets in this condition.
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Tesis inédita presentada en la Universidad Europea de Madrid. Escuela de Doctorado e Investigación. Programa de Doctorado en Biomedicina y Ciencias de la Salud
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Bibliographic reference
Giovanni Garofalo, A.M. (2023). Regulación de la respuesta inflamatoria de células alveolares humanas por micro RNAs candidatos. Propuesta de nuevas dianas terapéuticas del Daño Pulmonar Agudo. Tesis doctoral, Universidad Europea de Madrid]. ABACUS Repositorio de Producción. http://hdl.handle.net/11268/12752






