Evaluación y seguimiento del tratamiento del Vértigo Posicional Paroxístico Benigno: comparación entre Maniobras de Reposición Manuales y Silla Mecánica Rotatoria
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Chaure Cordero, Marta
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Abstract
Introducción
El vértigo posicional paroxístico benigno (VPPB) es la causa más frecuente de vértigo periférico en la población general. Se caracteriza por episodios breves de vértigo rotatorio desencadenados por movimientos cefálicos. Su presentación aguda y la intensidad de los síntomas deterioran rápidamente la calidad de los pacientes y limita sus actividades diarias y laborales. El VPPB se produce por el desplazamiento de las otoconias, habitualmente adheridas a las máculas, hacia los canales semicirculares (canalolitiasis) o por su depósito sobre la cúpula (cupulolitiasis).
Clásicamente, el diagnóstico y tratamiento del VPPB se ha realizado mediante maniobras de posicionamiento y reposicionamiento de partículas en una camilla convencional, con la colaboración activa del paciente. Estas maniobras requieren una buena movilidad corporal, especialmente cervical, para lograr una adecuada efectividad diagnóstica y terapéutica. De media, los pacientes requieren 2 maniobras para la resolución del cuadro; no obstante, factores como el antecedente de VPPB previo, traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE), edad avanzada, osteoporosis, limitación de la movilidad cervical o el sexo femenino pueden condicionar casos más complejos y un requerimiento de mayor número de maniobras.
Ante estas limitaciones, han surgido las sillas mecánicas rotatorias (mechanical rotational chairs-MRC) como una alternativa que mejora el rendimiento diagnóstico y facilita el tratamiento, especialmente en pacientes con movilidad reducida. Aunque existen estudios que respaldan su utilidad en casos complejos, la evidencia sobre su eficacia en VPPB no complicado es escasa, con estudios previos limitados por una falta de seguimiento estructurado y prolongado en el tiempo o poblaciones heterogéneas.
Objetivos
El objetivo principal de nuestro estudio fue analizar y comparar la eficacia del tratamiento del VPPB no complicado mediante el sillón mecánico rotatorio Thomas Richard Vitton (TRV) frente a la camilla convencional. Se evaluaron la tasa de curación, las recidivas, los síntomas residuales y el análisis de la percepción de la calidad de vida en ambos grupos.
Material y métodos
Estudio longitudinal, prospectivo, aleatorizado simple y abierto con una muestra de 102 pacientes diagnosticados de VPPB según los criterios de la Bárány Society (2015). Los pacientes fueron asignados aleatoriamente a dos grupos de tratamiento: grupo 1 (sillón TRV) y grupo 2 (camilla convencional). Se excluyeron pacientes con enfermedades graves, menores de 18 años, embarazo, síntomas otológicos asociados, sospecha de otras patologías vestibulares o antecedentes de enfermedades otológicas relevantes.
A todos los pacientes se les realizó una exploración otoneurológica completa con maniobras diagnósticas específicas para cada canal semicircular. En caso de positividad, se inició el tratamiento correspondiente. Se aplicaron los cuestionarios Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) y Short Falls Efficacy Scale-International (Short FES-I). El seguimiento se realizó semanalmente hasta la resolución clínica del VPPB y posteriormente al mes, 3 meses, 6 meses y 1 año.
Resultados
Un total de 89 pacientes finalizaron el estudio. 44 fueron asignados al grupo TRV y 45 en la camilla. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los protocolos en cuanto a los días necesarios hasta la negativización del VPPB ni en el número de maniobras en la población global. Sin embargo, en el grupo de pacientes mayores de 65 años, se observó una tendencia a una menor necesidad de maniobras en el grupo de sillón TRV.
La edad avanzada y el antecedente de TCE se asociaron con un mayor número de maniobras requeridas y días hasta la curación del VPPB. Además, se observó una asociación altamente significativa del antecedente de TCE con la afectación multicanal. La calidad de vida mejoró significativamente tras la resolución del VPPB, según los cuestionarios aplicados. Se evidenció una relación estadísticamente significativa entre la percepción del riesgo de caídas y la incidencia de síntomas residuales. Lo mismo ocurrió al analizar el DHI donde se observaron valores más altos en pacientes con síntomas residuales
La incidencia de síntomas residuales también fue mayor en pacientes con cuadros de VPPB que requirieron más tratamiento y en los pacientes con sufrimiento de ansiedad o depresión en el momento del episodio.
No se observaron diferencias significativas en la tasa de recidivas entre los grupos. Sin embargo, los pacientes de edad avanzada, con antecedente de osteoporosis o antecedente de recidiva previa se asociaron con un mayor riesgo de recurrencia.
Conclusiones
El tratamiento de VPPB no complicado es igualmente eficaz tanto en la camilla como en las sillas mecánicas rotatorias. No obstante, el uso de las sillas mecánicas, así como de las gafas de videoFrenzel, mejora la precisión diagnóstica permitiendo identificar casos más complejos. Factores
como la edad avanzada, el antecedente de TCE, las comorbilidades psiquiátricas, la osteoporosis y los antecedentes de recidiva previa, se relacionan con casos de mayor complejidad, mayor riesgo de recurrencia o padecimiento de más síntomas residuales. Los cuestionarios de calidad de vida resultaron herramientas útiles para predecir la persistencia de síntomas. La coexistencia de enfermedad mental se asoció con una percepción más negativa del estado de salud y de la recuperación.
Introduction Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) stands as the most common cause of peripheral vertigo. It is characterized by brief episodes of rotational vertigo triggered by head movements. Due to its acute onset and intense symptoms, BPPV rapidly deteriorates patients' quality of life and limits their daily and occupational activities. Its etiology comes from the displacement of otoconia—normally adhered to the maculae—into the semicircular canals (canalithiasis) or their deposition on the cupula (cupulolithiasis). Traditionally, diagnosis and treatment are performed using positioning and particle repositioning maneuvers on a conventional examination table, with the patient’s active cooperation. These maneuvers require good physical and cervical mobility for effective diagnosis and treatment. On average, a limited number of maneuvers is sufficient to resolve the condition; however, factors such as prior BPPV episodes, head trauma, advanced age, osteoporosis, limited cervical mobility, or female sex can increase complexity and require more maneuvers. To overcome these limitations, mechanical rotational chairs (MRCs) have emerged as a tool to improve diagnostic accuracy and offer an alternative treatment, particularly for patients with restricted mobility. Although their usefulness in complex BPPV cases is well documented, their efficacy in uncomplicated BPPV remains unclear due to limited evidence, often hindered by small sample sizes, patient heterogeneity, or short follow-up periods. Objectives The main objective of this study was to analyze and compare two methods of diagnosing and treating uncomplicated BPPV: the Thomas Richard Vitton (TRV) MRC and the conventional examination table. Cure rates, recurrences, residual symptoms, and quality of life were assessed in both groups. Material and Methods A prospective, longitudinal, randomized, open-label study was conducted with 102 patients diagnosed with BPPV based on the Bárány Society criteria (2015). Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Group 1 (TRV chair) and Group 2 (conventional table). Exclusion criteria included severe illness preventing regular follow-up, pregnancy, age under 18, otological symptoms (tinnitus, aural fullness, hearing loss), signs suggesting alternative vestibular pathologies, or previous otologic diseases that could affect the vestibular system. All patients underwent a complete neuro-otological examination and specific positional maneuvers for each semicircular canal. Upon a positive diagnosis, treatment was administered accordingly. Quality of life was assessed using the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and the Short Falls Efficacy Scale-International (Short FES-I). Patients were followed weekly until clinical resolution, and subsequently at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Results A total of 89 patients completed the study (44 in the TRV group and 45 in the examination table). No statistically significant differences were found between groups regarding the number of maneuvers required or the time to clinical resolution. However, in the group of patients over 65 years old, a trend toward a lower number of maneuvers was observed in the TRV chair group. Advanced age and history of head trauma were associated with a greater number of maneuvers, increased multicanal involvement, and longer recovery times. Quality of life scores improved significantly after BPPV resolution. A statistically significant relationship was observed between perceived fall risk and residual symptoms. Higher DHI scores were also noted among patients with residual symptoms. Residual symptoms were more common in patients requiring prolonged treatment or those suffering from anxiety or depression during the episode. No significant differences in recurrence rates were found between groups. However, advanced age, osteoporosis, and history of prior BPPV episodes were associated with a higher recurrence risk. Conclusions The treatment of uncomplicated BPPV is equally effective using either mechanical rotational chairs or conventional tables. Nevertheless, the use of MRCs and Videofrenzel goggles improves diagnostic precision, particularly in identifying more complex cases. Factors such as older age, head trauma, psychiatric comorbidities, osteoporosis, and BPPV history are associated with greater clinical complexity, residual symptoms, and recurrence risk. Quality-of-life questionnaires were shown to be valuable tools for predicting persistent symptoms, especially due to their correlation with fall risk. Coexisting psychiatric disorders significantly impacted patients’ perception of recovery and well-being.
Introduction Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) stands as the most common cause of peripheral vertigo. It is characterized by brief episodes of rotational vertigo triggered by head movements. Due to its acute onset and intense symptoms, BPPV rapidly deteriorates patients' quality of life and limits their daily and occupational activities. Its etiology comes from the displacement of otoconia—normally adhered to the maculae—into the semicircular canals (canalithiasis) or their deposition on the cupula (cupulolithiasis). Traditionally, diagnosis and treatment are performed using positioning and particle repositioning maneuvers on a conventional examination table, with the patient’s active cooperation. These maneuvers require good physical and cervical mobility for effective diagnosis and treatment. On average, a limited number of maneuvers is sufficient to resolve the condition; however, factors such as prior BPPV episodes, head trauma, advanced age, osteoporosis, limited cervical mobility, or female sex can increase complexity and require more maneuvers. To overcome these limitations, mechanical rotational chairs (MRCs) have emerged as a tool to improve diagnostic accuracy and offer an alternative treatment, particularly for patients with restricted mobility. Although their usefulness in complex BPPV cases is well documented, their efficacy in uncomplicated BPPV remains unclear due to limited evidence, often hindered by small sample sizes, patient heterogeneity, or short follow-up periods. Objectives The main objective of this study was to analyze and compare two methods of diagnosing and treating uncomplicated BPPV: the Thomas Richard Vitton (TRV) MRC and the conventional examination table. Cure rates, recurrences, residual symptoms, and quality of life were assessed in both groups. Material and Methods A prospective, longitudinal, randomized, open-label study was conducted with 102 patients diagnosed with BPPV based on the Bárány Society criteria (2015). Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Group 1 (TRV chair) and Group 2 (conventional table). Exclusion criteria included severe illness preventing regular follow-up, pregnancy, age under 18, otological symptoms (tinnitus, aural fullness, hearing loss), signs suggesting alternative vestibular pathologies, or previous otologic diseases that could affect the vestibular system. All patients underwent a complete neuro-otological examination and specific positional maneuvers for each semicircular canal. Upon a positive diagnosis, treatment was administered accordingly. Quality of life was assessed using the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and the Short Falls Efficacy Scale-International (Short FES-I). Patients were followed weekly until clinical resolution, and subsequently at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Results A total of 89 patients completed the study (44 in the TRV group and 45 in the examination table). No statistically significant differences were found between groups regarding the number of maneuvers required or the time to clinical resolution. However, in the group of patients over 65 years old, a trend toward a lower number of maneuvers was observed in the TRV chair group. Advanced age and history of head trauma were associated with a greater number of maneuvers, increased multicanal involvement, and longer recovery times. Quality of life scores improved significantly after BPPV resolution. A statistically significant relationship was observed between perceived fall risk and residual symptoms. Higher DHI scores were also noted among patients with residual symptoms. Residual symptoms were more common in patients requiring prolonged treatment or those suffering from anxiety or depression during the episode. No significant differences in recurrence rates were found between groups. However, advanced age, osteoporosis, and history of prior BPPV episodes were associated with a higher recurrence risk. Conclusions The treatment of uncomplicated BPPV is equally effective using either mechanical rotational chairs or conventional tables. Nevertheless, the use of MRCs and Videofrenzel goggles improves diagnostic precision, particularly in identifying more complex cases. Factors such as older age, head trauma, psychiatric comorbidities, osteoporosis, and BPPV history are associated with greater clinical complexity, residual symptoms, and recurrence risk. Quality-of-life questionnaires were shown to be valuable tools for predicting persistent symptoms, especially due to their correlation with fall risk. Coexisting psychiatric disorders significantly impacted patients’ perception of recovery and well-being.
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“Tesis inédita presentada en la Universidad Europea de Madrid. Escuela de Doctorado e Investigación. Programa de Doctorado en Biomedicina y Ciencias de la Salud”
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Bibliographic reference
Chaure Cordero, M. (2025). Evaluación y seguimiento del tratamiento del Vértigo Posicional Paroxístico Benigno: comparación entre maniobras de reposición manuales y silla mecánica rotatoria. [Tesis doctoral, Universidad Europea de Madrid]. ABACUS Repositorio de Producción Científica. https://hdl.handle.net/11268/16957







