Immunotherapy in Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A PRO/CON Debate

Abstract

The treatment landscape of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has evolved significantly with the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Building on the success of immunotherapy in advanced disease, recent trials have explored its role in the perioperative setting for resectable NSCLC. These studies have shown promising improvements in pathological response and event-free survival, leading to regulatory approvals and integration into clinical guidelines. However, as immunotherapy moves into earlier stages of disease, critical questions remain regarding its real-world applicability, long-term benefits, patient selection, and potential harms. This editorial presents a balanced perspective on the use of immunotherapy in early-stage NSCLC, with arguments in favor and against its widespread implementation.