Biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review

Abstract

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most aggressive cancers in the oral cavity, often diagnosed at advanced stages, leading to significantly reduced survival rates. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as clinical examination and histopathology, have limitations in detecting early stages and assessing tumor variability. Molecular biomarkers, however, have shown great potential in overcoming these limitations by improving early diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized treatment. These biomarkers, when integrated with the TNM staging system, may provide more accurate and personalized clinical management