La relación entre el Derecho Penal y el Derecho Deportivo. Análisis crítico de la tipificación penal en el deporte y el ejercicio físico
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Abstract
La presente investigación tiene por objeto analizar un tema apasionante para los amantes del
Derecho, entre los que se encuentra la presente doctoranda. El planteamiento inicial o el problema
que da lugar a esta investigación está relacionado con el tratamiento jurídico penal que se realiza
sobre cuatro conductas antideportivas, que hemos denominado delitos deportivos, como son la
corrupción o el fraude deportivo, la violencia en el deporte, el dopaje y las lesiones deportivas.
Pese a que son conductas tipificadas penalmente, algunas de ellas, observamos que en España es
compleja la aplicación del Derecho Penal en el ámbito deportivo, no solo por la existencia de otras
posibles vías sancionadoras, como la administrativa, sino también por los propios conflictos que se
generan con otras áreas del ordenamiento. Esto deriva en que se genere cierta impunidad en el
deporte en lo que a estas conductas se refiere. Nuestra pregunta de investigación pretende no solo
analizar el porqué de esta situación en España, sino a través del Derecho Comparado comprobar si el
tratamiento jurídico de la práctica deportiva se realiza de igual forma o si por el contrario
existen diferencias que puedan ayudar a resolver el problema objeto de estudio.
El objetivo de esta tesis es analizar de un modo crítico la intervención del Derecho Penal en la
práctica deportiva en España con la consiguiente relación existente entre el Derecho Deportivo y el
Derecho Penal, realizando una detallada revisión de la tipificación penal en el deporte que se da
en nuestro país y, comparar a su vez dicha intervención con tres sistemas jurídicos, el sistema
italiano, el sistema francés y el sistema argentino.
La finalidad o hipótesis planteada es tratar de determinar una posible extrapolación de buenas
prácticas legislativas desde otros ordenamientos al español y las posibles consecuencias de ello.
Esto se analizará mediante el examen de las similitudes y diferencias en cuanto a la intervención
del
Derecho Penal en lo que denominamos delitos deportivos tanto en España como en los sistemas comparados mencionados, así como mediante el análisis de la tipificación de
dichos delitos en los diferentes códigos penales y la revisión de los casos más relevantes de
dichos países.
El resultado de esta investigación agrupará los hallazgos encontrados que esperamos demuestren la
posibilidad de identificar buenas prácticas legislativas de otros modelos jurídicos y su posible
aplicación al sistema
español.
Para dicho estudio, la tesis doctoral se divide en tres partes diferenciadas,
cada una de ellas compuestas por capítulos.
Se inicia el estudio con el capítulo I, una parte introductoria o marco teórico en la que pondremos
de manifiesto cuestiones previas de necesario conocimiento para poder entender el resto de los
capítulos. Nociones básicas como ¿qué entendemos por deporte?, o ¿a qué nos referimos con bien
jurídico protegido?, hasta llegar a definir la necesidad de intervención por parte del Derecho
Penal en el ámbito deportivo y de donde viene, en base qué principios y que ocurre en la actualidad
en España. Aquí nos plantearemos si esta intervención puede ir a más con la inclusión de nuevos
tipos penales
deportivos.
La tesis continúa con el capítulo II, en el que analizaremos una serie de delitos deportivos y su
tratamiento dentro del sistema penal español: los delitos de corrupción deportiva, dopaje,
violencia en el deporte y las lesiones deportivas. Analizaremos sus características principales:
los tipos penales, el bien jurídico protegido, la conducta típica, los sujetos, así como la
legislación vigente en nuestro país y los casos más relevantes en cada uno de ellos.
Una vez estudiados dichos delitos deportivos y su tratamiento en el Derecho Penal español, el
lector se adentrará en el capítulo III, donde realizaremos el análisis de los mismos y su
tratamiento en el Derecho comparado, acudiendo a los sistemas jurídicos citados, poniendo de
manifiesto las similitudes y
diferencias de estos sistemas jurídicos con nuestro sistema vigente. Concluye la presente investigación en el capítulo IV, donde se refleja el resultado del estudio
comparativo de los diferentes ordenamientos y las conclusiones definitivas tras dicha
investigación. ¿Se tratará la práctica deportiva del mismo modo en el resto de los sistemas
jurídicos?, si no es así
¿cuál es el motivo?, ¿qué conclusiones podemos extraer de que el tratamiento sea diferente?, ¿qué
podemos aprender como sistema jurídico?
Expondremos las posibles respuestas o soluciones a los problemas detectados, soluciones que podrán
ser a nivel político, deportivo o de lege
ferenda.
La metodología utilizada es eminentemente teórica y se ha basado en basado a en el análisis y la
revisión bibliográfica del tema objeto de estudio, así como en el análisis de la legislación y la
jurisprudencia existente tanto en el Derecho Español como en cada uno de los sistemas jurídicos
comparados a los que hacemos referencia.
Es correcto decir que es una tesis jurídico-comparativa. El uso del Derecho comparado como
metodología para este estudio nos servirá, no solo para analizar que soluciones o respuestas
existen en otros países para los mismos casos que se dan en nuestro país, sino también para
comprobar la posibilidad de una armonización jurídica necesaria en cuanto al derecho deportivo,
sobre
todo en su vertiente internacional.
The purpose of this research is to analyze a fascinating topic for lovers of law, among whom is the current doctoral student. The initial approach or the problem that gives rise to this research is related to the criminal legal treatment of four unsportsmanlike conducts, which we have called sports crimes, such as corruption or sports fraud, violence in sport, doping and sports injuries. Despite the fact that some of these conducts are classified as criminal offences, we observe that in Spain the application of Criminal Law in the sports field is complex, not only because of the existence of other possible sanctioning routes, such as administrative ones, but also because of the conflicts that arise with other areas of the legal system. This results in a certain impunity in sport in relation to these conducts. Our research question aims not only to analyse the reason for this situation in Spain, but also through Comparative Law to verify whether the legal treatment of sports practice is carried out in the same way or if on the contrary there are differences that can help to solve the problem under study. The objective of this thesis is to critically analyze the intervention of Criminal Law in sports practice in Spain with the resulting relationship between Sports Law and Criminal Law, carrying out a detailed review of the criminal classification in sports that occurs in our country and, in turn, compare said intervention with three legal systems, the Italian system, the French system and the Argentine system. The purpose or hypothesis raised is to try to determine a possible extrapolation of good legislative practices from other legal systems to the Spanish one and the possible consequences thereof. This will be analyzed by examining the similarities and differences regarding the intervention of Criminal Law in what we call sports crimes both in Spain and in the comparative systems mentioned, as well as by analyzing the classification of said crimes in the different criminal codes and the review of the most relevant cases in said countries. The result of this research will group the findings that we hope will demonstrate the possibility of identifying good legislative practices from other legal models and their possible application to the Spanish system. For this study, the doctoral thesis is divided into three different parts, each of them composed of chapters. The study begins with Chapter I, an introductory part or theoretical framework in which we will highlight previous issues that are necessary to understand the rest of the chapters. Basic notions such as what do we understand by sport?, ¿or what do we mean by protected legal asset?, until we define the need for intervention by Criminal Law in the sports field and where it comes from, based on what principles and what is currently happening in Spain. Here we will consider whether this intervention can go further with the inclusion of new types of sports crimes. The thesis continues with Chapter II, in which we will analyze a series of sports crimes and their treatment within the Spanish criminal system: crimes of sports corruption, doping, violence in sport and sports injuries. We will analyze its main characteristics: the criminal types, the protected legal asset, the typical conduct, the subjects, as well as the legislation in force in our country and the most relevant cases in each of them. Once these sports crimes and their treatment in Spanish Criminal Law have been studied, the reader will delve into Chapter III, where we will carry out an analysis of them and their treatment in comparative law, referring to the legal systems cited, highlighting the similarities and differences of these legal systems with our current system. This research concludes in Chapter IV, which reflects the results of the comparative study of the different legal systems and the final conclusions after said research. Will the practice of sport be treated in the same way in the rest of the legal systems? If not, what is the reason? What conclusions can we draw from the fact that the treatment is different? What can we learn as a legal system? We will present possible responses or solutions to the problems detected, solutions that may be at a political, sporting or lege ferenda level. The methodology used is eminently theoretical and has been based on the analysis and bibliographic review of the subject under study, as well as on the analysis of the legislation and jurisprudence existing both in Spanish Law and in each of the comparative legal systems to which we refer. It is correct to say that this is a comparative law thesis. The use of comparative law as a methodology for this study will serve us not only to analyse what solutions or responses exist in other countries for the same cases that occur in our country, but also to verify the possibility of a necessary legal harmonisation in terms of sports law, especially in its international aspect.
The purpose of this research is to analyze a fascinating topic for lovers of law, among whom is the current doctoral student. The initial approach or the problem that gives rise to this research is related to the criminal legal treatment of four unsportsmanlike conducts, which we have called sports crimes, such as corruption or sports fraud, violence in sport, doping and sports injuries. Despite the fact that some of these conducts are classified as criminal offences, we observe that in Spain the application of Criminal Law in the sports field is complex, not only because of the existence of other possible sanctioning routes, such as administrative ones, but also because of the conflicts that arise with other areas of the legal system. This results in a certain impunity in sport in relation to these conducts. Our research question aims not only to analyse the reason for this situation in Spain, but also through Comparative Law to verify whether the legal treatment of sports practice is carried out in the same way or if on the contrary there are differences that can help to solve the problem under study. The objective of this thesis is to critically analyze the intervention of Criminal Law in sports practice in Spain with the resulting relationship between Sports Law and Criminal Law, carrying out a detailed review of the criminal classification in sports that occurs in our country and, in turn, compare said intervention with three legal systems, the Italian system, the French system and the Argentine system. The purpose or hypothesis raised is to try to determine a possible extrapolation of good legislative practices from other legal systems to the Spanish one and the possible consequences thereof. This will be analyzed by examining the similarities and differences regarding the intervention of Criminal Law in what we call sports crimes both in Spain and in the comparative systems mentioned, as well as by analyzing the classification of said crimes in the different criminal codes and the review of the most relevant cases in said countries. The result of this research will group the findings that we hope will demonstrate the possibility of identifying good legislative practices from other legal models and their possible application to the Spanish system. For this study, the doctoral thesis is divided into three different parts, each of them composed of chapters. The study begins with Chapter I, an introductory part or theoretical framework in which we will highlight previous issues that are necessary to understand the rest of the chapters. Basic notions such as what do we understand by sport?, ¿or what do we mean by protected legal asset?, until we define the need for intervention by Criminal Law in the sports field and where it comes from, based on what principles and what is currently happening in Spain. Here we will consider whether this intervention can go further with the inclusion of new types of sports crimes. The thesis continues with Chapter II, in which we will analyze a series of sports crimes and their treatment within the Spanish criminal system: crimes of sports corruption, doping, violence in sport and sports injuries. We will analyze its main characteristics: the criminal types, the protected legal asset, the typical conduct, the subjects, as well as the legislation in force in our country and the most relevant cases in each of them. Once these sports crimes and their treatment in Spanish Criminal Law have been studied, the reader will delve into Chapter III, where we will carry out an analysis of them and their treatment in comparative law, referring to the legal systems cited, highlighting the similarities and differences of these legal systems with our current system. This research concludes in Chapter IV, which reflects the results of the comparative study of the different legal systems and the final conclusions after said research. Will the practice of sport be treated in the same way in the rest of the legal systems? If not, what is the reason? What conclusions can we draw from the fact that the treatment is different? What can we learn as a legal system? We will present possible responses or solutions to the problems detected, solutions that may be at a political, sporting or lege ferenda level. The methodology used is eminently theoretical and has been based on the analysis and bibliographic review of the subject under study, as well as on the analysis of the legislation and jurisprudence existing both in Spanish Law and in each of the comparative legal systems to which we refer. It is correct to say that this is a comparative law thesis. The use of comparative law as a methodology for this study will serve us not only to analyse what solutions or responses exist in other countries for the same cases that occur in our country, but also to verify the possibility of a necessary legal harmonisation in terms of sports law, especially in its international aspect.
Description
Tesis inédita presentada en la Universidad Europea de Madrid. Escuela de Doctorado e Investigación. Programa de Doctorado en Actividad Física y Deporte
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Bibliographic reference
Argibay Muñoz, A. (2024). La relación entre el Derecho Penal y el Derecho Deportivo. Análisis crítico de la tipificación penal en el deporte y el ejercicio físico. [Tesis doctoral, Universidad Europea de Madrid]. ABACUS Repositorio de Producción Científica. http://hdl.handle.net/11268/14160






