Efectos de una intervención de ejercicio de fuerza sobre la salud muscular de pacientes adultos con fibrosis quística
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Sosa Pedreschi, Alicia Irene
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Apenas unas décadas atrás, la Fibrosis Quística (FQ) era conocida como una
enfermedad infantil. Gracias a los avances de la ciencia en los tratamientos de
la enfermedad, la esperanza de vida ha aumentado drásticamente en esta
población. Hoy en día más de la mitad de los pacientes son adultos, sin
embargo, existe aún poca información sobre esta población. La FQ es una
enfermedad genética causada por más de 2000 diferentes mutaciones que
ocasionan un fallo en el canal regulador de la conductancia transmembrana de
la FQ (CFTR). Este fallo del canal CFTR afecta a diversos tejidos, siendo el
deterioro del tejido muscular menos estudiado en esta población.
El músculo de los pacientes con FQ presenta alteraciones en su estructura y
función debido al fallo del CFTR en este tejido y a otros factores como la
inflamación, la malabsorción de nutrientes y el desacondicionamiento físico
que presentan los pacientes. Este tejido es especialmente importante en la
población adulta ya que es un factor determinante en la salud metabólica, en
la funcionalidad y en la calidad de vida.
El ejercicio físico es una herramienta muy útil en la población pediátrica con FQ,
sin embargo, existe menos información sobre su efecto en el tejido muscular
del adulto con FQ. Por lo tanto, el OBJETIVO GENERAL de la presente tesis
doctoral fue: determinar el efecto de una intervención de ejercicio de fuerza
de 8 semanas de duración, supervisado de forma telemática, con intensidad
moderada-alta y con progresiones individualizadas sobre la salud muscular en
pacientes adultos con FQ con afectación pulmonar. Los OBJETIVOS
ESPECÍFICOS fueron los siguientes: (1) estudiar si existen diferencias entre los
pacientes adultos con FQ y sujetos sanos de la misma edad y sexo en
composición corporal, capacidad cardiorrespiratoria y biomarcadores de
inflamación alfa Klotho (α-Kl) e interleuquina 10 (IL-10); (2) analizar el efecto
de la intervención de ejercicio de fuerza sobre la fuerza y función muscular; (3)
sobre la composición corporal; (4) sobre los biomarcadores de inflamación (α Kl e IL-10); (5) sobre la función pulmonar; y (6) sobre la calidad de vida en los
pacientes adultos con FQ con afectación pulmonar.
Para dar respuesta al objetivo específico 1, se llevó a cabo un estudio
descriptivo comparando 30 pacientes adultos con FQ con 30 sujetos sanos,
emparejados por sexo y edad. Se evaluó la composición corporal con la
absorciometría de energía dual de rayos X (DXA), la capacidad
cardiorrespiratoria con un protocolo incremental en tapiz y los biomarcadores
de inflamación (α-Kl e IL-10) en suero mediante un ensayo inmuno-absorbente
ligado a enzimas (ELISA).
Para dar respuesta al objetivo general de la tesis y a los objetivos 2, 3, 4, 5 y 6,
se desarrolló un ensayo controlado aleatorio (ECA), donde 32 sujetos con FQ
fueron aleatorizados en 2 grupos: ejercicio (EX) y control (CON). La
intervención de ejercicio de fuerza fue de 8 semanas semanas de duración,
supervisada de forma telemática, con intensidad moderada-alta, utilizando
bandas de resistencia y con progresiones individualizadas. Se evaluaron los
efectos sobre la fuerza muscular con los ejercicios de prensa de piernas, press
de pecho y jalón dorsal en máquinas, la composición corporal con DXA, los
biomarcadores de inflamación (α-Kl e IL-10) en suero mediante un ELISA, la
función pulmonar con espirometría y la calidad de vida mediante el Cystic
Fibrosis Questionnaire Revised (CFQ-R 14+).
Entre los resultados principales se observó que la población adulta con FQ, en
comparación con los sujetos sanos, presentaron una menor masa libre de
grasa, índice de masa libre de grasa (FFMI), masa muscular, índice de músculo esquelético (SMI) e índice de musculo esquelético apendicular (ASMI), un
mayor porcentaje de grasa (BAI) e índice de masa grasa (FMI) y un menor
consumo pico de oxígeno (VO2pico). Además, presentaron niveles de α-Kl en
suero alterados, con comportamientos diferentes según el sexo.
La intervención de ejercicio de fuerza consiguió un aumento de la fuerza
muscular de miembros inferiores, de la masa libre de grasa total, de la masa
libre de grasa del tronco y del FFMI. También se observó una disminución de la
masa grasa total, del BAI y del FMI en los pacientes que realizaron la
intervención. No se observaron efectos significativos de la intervención en los
biomarcadores inflamatorios, la función pulmonar y la calidad de vida.
Esta tesis aporta información valiosa sobre las características de la nueva
población adulta con FQ, evidenciando una marcada deficiencia en la masa
muscular de los pacientes. Por otro lado, el entrenamiento de fuerza consiguió
mejorar la salud muscular, observándose aumentos tanto en la fuerza
muscular como en la masa libre de grasa. Estos resultados indican que, a pesar
del fallo del CFTR a nivel muscular, el músculo del paciente adulto con FQ
responde al entrenamiento de fuerza, lo cual resalta la importancia de incluir
el entrenamiento de fuerza como parte de los pilares de tratamiento de los
pacientes con FQ.
Just a few decades ago, Cystic Fibrosis (CF) was known as a childhood disease. Thanks to scientific advances in the treatment of the disease, life expectancy has increased dramatically in this population. Today more than half of the patients are adults, however, there is still little information about this population. CF is a genetic disease caused by more than 2000 different mutations that result in a failure of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel. This failure of the CFTR channel affects a variety of tissues, with muscle tissue impairment being less studied in this population. Muscle in CF patients has alterations in structure and function due to CFTR failure in this tissue and other factors such as inflammation, malabsorption of nutrients and physical deconditioning in patients. This tissue is particularly important in the adult population as it is a key determinant of metabolic health, functionality and quality of life. Physical exercise is a very useful tool in the paediatric population with CF, however, there is less information on its effect on muscle tissue in adults with CF. Therefore, the GENERAL OBJECTIVE of this doctoral thesis was: to determine the effect of an 8-week strength training intervention, telematically supervised, of moderate-high intensity, and with individualised progressions on muscle health of adult CF patients with pulmonary involvement. The SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES were the following: (1) to study whether there are differences between adult CF patients and healthy subjects of the same age and sex in body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and biomarkers of inflammation alpha Klotho (α-Kl) and interleukin-10 (IL-10); (2) to analyse the effect of the strength training intervention on muscle strength and function; (3) on body composition; (4) on biomarkers of inflammation (α-Kl and IL-10); (5) on lung function; and (6) on quality of life in adult CF patients with pulmonary involvement. To address specific objective 1, a descriptive study was conducted comparing 30 adult CF patients with 30 healthy subjects of the same sex and age. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), cardiorespiratory fitness by an incremental protocol on a treadmill and biomarkers of inflammation (α-Kl and IL-10) in serum by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To address the overall aim of the thesis and objectives 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, a randomised controlled trial (RCT) was carried out, where 32 subjects with CF were randomised into 2 groups: exercise (EX) and control (CON). The strength training intervention was of 8 weeks duration, telematically supervised, with moderate-high intensity, using resistance bands and with individualised progressions. Effects on muscle strength were assessed with leg press, chest press and lat-pulldown exercises on machines, body composition with DXA, serum biomarkers of inflammation (α-Kl and IL-10) with ELISA, lung function with spirometry and quality of life with the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire Revised (CFQ-R 14+). Among the main results, it was observed that the adult CF population, compared to healthy subjects, had lower fat-free mass, fat-free mass index (FFMI), muscle mass, skeletal muscle index (SMI) and appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI), higher fat percentage (BAI) and fat mass index (FMI), and lower peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak). In addition, they had altered serum α-Kl levels, with different behaviour according to sex. The strength training intervention achieved an increase in lower limbs muscle strength, total fat-free mass, trunk fat-free mass, and FFMI. A decrease in total fat mass, BAI and FMI was also observed in the intervention patients. No significant effects of the intervention were observed on inflammatory biomarkers, lung function and quality of life. This thesis provides valuable information on the characteristics of the new adult population with CF, showing a marked deficiency in the muscle mass of the patients. On the other hand, strength training was able to improve muscle health, with increases in both muscle strength and fat-free mass. These results indicate that, despite CFTR failure at the muscle level, the muscle of the adult CF patient responds to strength training, highlighting the importance of including strength training as part of the pillars of treatment for CF patients.
Just a few decades ago, Cystic Fibrosis (CF) was known as a childhood disease. Thanks to scientific advances in the treatment of the disease, life expectancy has increased dramatically in this population. Today more than half of the patients are adults, however, there is still little information about this population. CF is a genetic disease caused by more than 2000 different mutations that result in a failure of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel. This failure of the CFTR channel affects a variety of tissues, with muscle tissue impairment being less studied in this population. Muscle in CF patients has alterations in structure and function due to CFTR failure in this tissue and other factors such as inflammation, malabsorption of nutrients and physical deconditioning in patients. This tissue is particularly important in the adult population as it is a key determinant of metabolic health, functionality and quality of life. Physical exercise is a very useful tool in the paediatric population with CF, however, there is less information on its effect on muscle tissue in adults with CF. Therefore, the GENERAL OBJECTIVE of this doctoral thesis was: to determine the effect of an 8-week strength training intervention, telematically supervised, of moderate-high intensity, and with individualised progressions on muscle health of adult CF patients with pulmonary involvement. The SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES were the following: (1) to study whether there are differences between adult CF patients and healthy subjects of the same age and sex in body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and biomarkers of inflammation alpha Klotho (α-Kl) and interleukin-10 (IL-10); (2) to analyse the effect of the strength training intervention on muscle strength and function; (3) on body composition; (4) on biomarkers of inflammation (α-Kl and IL-10); (5) on lung function; and (6) on quality of life in adult CF patients with pulmonary involvement. To address specific objective 1, a descriptive study was conducted comparing 30 adult CF patients with 30 healthy subjects of the same sex and age. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), cardiorespiratory fitness by an incremental protocol on a treadmill and biomarkers of inflammation (α-Kl and IL-10) in serum by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To address the overall aim of the thesis and objectives 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, a randomised controlled trial (RCT) was carried out, where 32 subjects with CF were randomised into 2 groups: exercise (EX) and control (CON). The strength training intervention was of 8 weeks duration, telematically supervised, with moderate-high intensity, using resistance bands and with individualised progressions. Effects on muscle strength were assessed with leg press, chest press and lat-pulldown exercises on machines, body composition with DXA, serum biomarkers of inflammation (α-Kl and IL-10) with ELISA, lung function with spirometry and quality of life with the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire Revised (CFQ-R 14+). Among the main results, it was observed that the adult CF population, compared to healthy subjects, had lower fat-free mass, fat-free mass index (FFMI), muscle mass, skeletal muscle index (SMI) and appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI), higher fat percentage (BAI) and fat mass index (FMI), and lower peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak). In addition, they had altered serum α-Kl levels, with different behaviour according to sex. The strength training intervention achieved an increase in lower limbs muscle strength, total fat-free mass, trunk fat-free mass, and FFMI. A decrease in total fat mass, BAI and FMI was also observed in the intervention patients. No significant effects of the intervention were observed on inflammatory biomarkers, lung function and quality of life. This thesis provides valuable information on the characteristics of the new adult population with CF, showing a marked deficiency in the muscle mass of the patients. On the other hand, strength training was able to improve muscle health, with increases in both muscle strength and fat-free mass. These results indicate that, despite CFTR failure at the muscle level, the muscle of the adult CF patient responds to strength training, highlighting the importance of including strength training as part of the pillars of treatment for CF patients.
Description
Tesis inédita presentada en la Universidad Europea de Madrid. Escuela de Doctorado e Investigación. Programa de Doctorado en Biomedicina y Ciencias de la Salud
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Bibliographic reference
Sosa Pedreschi, A. I. (2024). Efectos de una intervención de ejercicio de fuerza sobre la salud muscular de pacientes adultos con fibrosis quística. [Tesis doctoral, Universidad Europea de Madrid]. ABACUS Repositorio de Producción Científica. http://hdl.handle.net/11268/13074








