Flow y Clutch: Los estados psicológicos óptimos para entrenar y competir
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Abstract
El propósito de esta tesis fue explorar y analizar cuáles son las características específicas de cada
estado psicológico óptimo (EPO), flow y clutch, dentro del contexto deportivo, ya que han
demostrado ser un tipo de experiencia de gran relevancia. Esta tesis doctoral se estructura en
tres estudios. El Estudio 1 tiene como objetivo explorar la concepción de los EPO por parte de
un grupo de entrenadores de fútbol, identificando sus características y describiendo estrategias
aplicadas por estos para facilitar su experiencia. Para cumplir con dicho objetivo se entrevistó a
un grupo de entrenadores de fútbol (16) de diferentes categorías. Los resultados mostraron que
los entrenadores identifican estos estados en sus jugadores y les preocupan especialmente las
situaciones que favorecen o impiden su experiencia, como la asignación del rol titular-suplente.
El propósito del Estudio 2 fue desarrollar dos escalas breves según el método Máxima
Información, Mínima Molestia (MIMO). Este método consta de 4 fases que se desarrollaron con
una muestra total de 965 deportistas con edades entre los 14 y 35 años (M = 24.5, DE = 9.5). La
escala de flow fue una abreviatura de la versión en castellano de la Flow State Scale (FSS) y para
clutch se creó una escala nueva, ya que hasta el momento no existía ninguna herramienta para
su estudio. Los resultados confirmaron la fiabilidad de estas nuevas herramientas. Por último, el
Estudio 3 tuvo como objetivo analizar las relaciones de clutch con otras variables psicológicas
determinantes en rendimiento deportivo, siguiendo patrones ya observados previamente en
flow. Nuestros resultados mostraron como clutch comparte patrones comunes con flow que
hacen que ambos puedan ser considerados EPO. Las conclusiones de esta tesis corroboran la
alta relevancia de los EPO para los entrenadores, que los consideran como el estado más elevado
de sus jugadores. Además, los resultados demuestran que las dos escalas poseen una validez y
consistencias internas muy robustas, mostrando propiedades psicométricas similares a otras
versiones de escalas previas. La aplicación de estos instrumentos permite analizar las relaciones
de clutch con otras variables, reafirmando ciertos patrones comunes, y, a la vez, descubriendo
asociaciones nuevas en comparación con las ya vistas para flow. En conclusión, esta tesis
doctoral contribuye al desarrollo de la investigación de los EPO, ya que se ha conseguido
desarrollar dos instrumentos, entendido la visión de los entrenadores sobre estos estados y
conocido relaciones relevantes de clutch con otras variables asociadas alrendimiento deportivo.
The purpose of this thesis was to explore and analyse what are the specific characteristics of each optimal psychological state (EPO), flow and clutch, since they proved to be a type of experience of great relevance within the sports context. This thesis is structured in three studies. Study 1 aims to explore the concept of EPO by a group of football coaches, identifying their characteristics and describing the strategies they apply to facilitate their experience. To meet this objective, a group of football coaches (16) from different categories were interviewed. The results showed that coaches identify these states in their players, and they are especially concerned about situations that facilitates or prevent their experience, such as the assignment of the starter-substitute role. The purpose of Study 2 was to develop two brief scales according to the Maximum Information, Minimum Discomfort (MIMO) method. This method consists of 4 phases that were developed with a total sample of 965 athletes aged between 14 and 35 years (M = 24.5, SD = 9.5). The flow scale was an abbreviation of the Spanish version of the Flow State Scale (FSS) and a new scale for clutch was created, since until now there was no questionnaire for its study. The results confirmed the reliability of these new tools. Finally, Study 3 aimed to analyse the relationships of clutch with other psychological variables relevant in sports performance, following patterns previously observed in flow. Our results showed how clutch shares common patterns with flow, something that makes possibly considered both EPOs. The conclusions of this thesis corroborate the high relevance of EPOs for coaches, who define them as the highest state of their players. In addition, the results demonstrate that the two scales have robust internal validity and consistency, showing psychometric properties like other versions of previous scales. The application of these tools makes it possible to analyse the clutch relationships with other variables, reaffirming certain common patterns with flow, and, at the same time, discovering new associations compared to those already seen for the other EPO. In conclusion, this doctoral thesis contributes to the development of research in EPO, since it has been possible to develop two questionnaires, understanding the vision of coaches on these states and knowing relevant relationships of clutch with other variables associated with sports performance.
The purpose of this thesis was to explore and analyse what are the specific characteristics of each optimal psychological state (EPO), flow and clutch, since they proved to be a type of experience of great relevance within the sports context. This thesis is structured in three studies. Study 1 aims to explore the concept of EPO by a group of football coaches, identifying their characteristics and describing the strategies they apply to facilitate their experience. To meet this objective, a group of football coaches (16) from different categories were interviewed. The results showed that coaches identify these states in their players, and they are especially concerned about situations that facilitates or prevent their experience, such as the assignment of the starter-substitute role. The purpose of Study 2 was to develop two brief scales according to the Maximum Information, Minimum Discomfort (MIMO) method. This method consists of 4 phases that were developed with a total sample of 965 athletes aged between 14 and 35 years (M = 24.5, SD = 9.5). The flow scale was an abbreviation of the Spanish version of the Flow State Scale (FSS) and a new scale for clutch was created, since until now there was no questionnaire for its study. The results confirmed the reliability of these new tools. Finally, Study 3 aimed to analyse the relationships of clutch with other psychological variables relevant in sports performance, following patterns previously observed in flow. Our results showed how clutch shares common patterns with flow, something that makes possibly considered both EPOs. The conclusions of this thesis corroborate the high relevance of EPOs for coaches, who define them as the highest state of their players. In addition, the results demonstrate that the two scales have robust internal validity and consistency, showing psychometric properties like other versions of previous scales. The application of these tools makes it possible to analyse the clutch relationships with other variables, reaffirming certain common patterns with flow, and, at the same time, discovering new associations compared to those already seen for the other EPO. In conclusion, this doctoral thesis contributes to the development of research in EPO, since it has been possible to develop two questionnaires, understanding the vision of coaches on these states and knowing relevant relationships of clutch with other variables associated with sports performance.
Description
Tesis inédita presentada en la Universidad Europea de Madrid. Escuela de Doctorado e Investigación. Programa de Doctorado en Actividad Física y Deporte
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Bibliographic reference
Sánchez Vara, A. (2024). Flow y Clutch: Los estados psicológicos óptimos para entrenar y competir. [Tesis doctoral, Universidad Europea de Madrid]. ABACUS Repositorio de Producción Científica. http://hdl.handle.net/11268/13072








