Radioterapia adyuvante hipofraccionada en cáncer de mama precoz: eficacia, toxicidad y evaluación del riesgo cardiometabólico en práctica clínica real
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Díaz Gavela, Ana Aurora
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Introducción: La radioterapia adyuvante hipofraccionada es el estándar de tratamiento para el cáncer de mama en estadio temprano. Sin embargo, la evidencia sobre su aplicación con técnicas modernas como la radioterapia de intensidad modulada (IMRT) en la práctica clínica real es limitada, especialmente en lo referente a la toxicidad a largo plazo, el impacto de factores de riesgo individuales y la evaluación del riesgo cardiovascular. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar los resultados oncológicos y perfiles de toxicidad de un protocolo de IMRT hipofraccionada con/sin boost de braquiterapia, e investigar el papel de factores clínicos y hallazgos radiológicos incidentales como predictores de toxicidad y eventos cardiovasculares.
Material y Métodos: Se llevaron a cabo dos revisiones narrativas para establecer el marco teórico y se realizaron estudios observacionales retrospectivos sobre una cohorte de pacientes con cáncer de mama en estadios precoces tratadas con IMRT hipofraccionada de mama completa (40.05 Gy/15 fracciones) tras cirugía conservadora. Un subgrupo recibió un boost secuencial con braquiterapia de alta tasa de dosis (HDR-BT) en sesión única. Se analizaron los resultados oncológicos, la toxicidad aguda y crónica (CTCAE v4.0), y la influencia de factores como el volumen mamario y el tabaquismo.
Adicionalmente, se evaluó la detección incidental de calcificaciones vasculares en las tomografías computarizadas (TC) de planificación para determinar su asociación con eventos cardiovasculares subsecuentes.
Resultados: En 638 pacientes tratadas con IMRT hipofraccionada y boost de HDR-BT, con una mediana de seguimiento de 6 años, la supervivencia global fue del 95.7% y la supervivencia libre de eventos del 85.5%, con una tasa de recurrencia local del 2.2%. El protocolo mostró un perfil de toxicidad favorable, aunque el volumen mamario >1000 cm³ se asoció significativamente con mayor radiodermatitis, fibrosis, edema y dolor crónico. El hábito tabáquico emergió como un factor de riesgo independiente para toxicidad crónica, incrementando significativamente la incidencia de fibrosis y dolor a pesar del uso de IMRT. Por otro lado, el análisis de las TC de planificación en 882 pacientes reveló calcificaciones vasculares en el 38.5% de los casos. La presencia de calcificaciones
coronarias se asoció con un riesgo casi tres veces mayor de sufrir un evento cardiovascular independientemente de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular convencionales y de la lateralidad de la mama tratada.
Conclusión: La radioterapia adyuvante con IMRT hipofraccionada y boost de braquiterapia en sesión única es un protocolo seguro y altamente eficaz en la práctica clínica real. No obstante, la personalización del tratamiento debe considerar factores de riesgo como el volumen mamario y el tabaquismo para mitigar la toxicidad. La evaluación sistemática de las calcificaciones vasculares en las TC de planificación representa una estrategia oportunista y coste-efectiva para la estratificación
del riesgo cardiovascular, permitiendo la implementación de medidas preventivas en el marco de
la cardio-oncología. Estos hallazgos refuerzan la importancia de un enfoque de medicina de precisión en la oncología radioterápica.
Introduction: Hypofractionated adjuvant radiotherapy is the standard of care for early-stage breast cancer. However, evidence regarding its application with modern techniques such as IntensityModulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) in real-world clinical practice is limited, particularly concerning long-term toxicity, the impact of individual risk factors, and cardiovascular risk assessment. This investigation aimed to evaluate the oncological outcomes and toxicity profiles of a hypofractionated IMRT protocol with/without a brachytherapy boost, and to investigate the role of clinical factors and incidental radiological findings as predictors of toxicity and cardiovascular events. Material and Methods: Two narrative reviews were integrated to establish the theoretical framework, and retrospective observational studies were conducted on a cohort of early-stage breast cancer patients treated with whole-breast hypofractionated IMRT (40.05 Gy/15 fractions) following breast-conserving surgery. A subgroup received a sequential boost with single-fraction High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy (HDR-BT). Oncological outcomes, acute and chronic toxicity (CTCAE v4.0), and the influence of factors such as breast volume and smoking status were analyzed. Additionally, the incidental detection of vascular calcifications on planning computed tomography (CT) scans was assessed to determine their association with subsequent cardiovascular events. Results: In 638 patients treated with hypofractionated IMRT and HDR-BT boost, with a median follow-up of 6 years, the overall survival was 95.7% and event-free survival was 85.5%, with a local recurrence rate of 2.2%. The protocol demonstrated a favorable toxicity profile, though breast volume >1000 cm3 was significantly associated with increased radiodermatitis, fibrosis, edema, and chronic pain. Smoking status emerged as an independent risk factor for chronic toxicity, significantly increasing the incidence of fibrosis and pain despite the use of IMRT. Furthermore, the analysis of planning CT scans in 882 patients revealed vascular calcifications in 38.5% of cases. The presence of coronary calcifications was associated with an almost threefold higher risk of a subsequent cardiovascular event independent of conventional cardiovascular risk factors and the laterality of the treated breast. Conclusion: Adjuvant radiotherapy with hypofractionated IMRT and a single-fraction brachytherapy boost is a safe and highly effective protocol in real-world clinical practice. However, treatment personalization must consider risk factors such as breast volume and smoking status to mitigate toxicity. The systematic evaluation of vascular calcifications on planning CT scans represents an opportunistic and cost-effective strategy for cardiovascular risk stratification, enabling the implementation of preventive measures within the framework of cardio-oncology. These findings reinforce the importance of a precision medicine approach in radiation oncology.
Introduction: Hypofractionated adjuvant radiotherapy is the standard of care for early-stage breast cancer. However, evidence regarding its application with modern techniques such as IntensityModulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) in real-world clinical practice is limited, particularly concerning long-term toxicity, the impact of individual risk factors, and cardiovascular risk assessment. This investigation aimed to evaluate the oncological outcomes and toxicity profiles of a hypofractionated IMRT protocol with/without a brachytherapy boost, and to investigate the role of clinical factors and incidental radiological findings as predictors of toxicity and cardiovascular events. Material and Methods: Two narrative reviews were integrated to establish the theoretical framework, and retrospective observational studies were conducted on a cohort of early-stage breast cancer patients treated with whole-breast hypofractionated IMRT (40.05 Gy/15 fractions) following breast-conserving surgery. A subgroup received a sequential boost with single-fraction High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy (HDR-BT). Oncological outcomes, acute and chronic toxicity (CTCAE v4.0), and the influence of factors such as breast volume and smoking status were analyzed. Additionally, the incidental detection of vascular calcifications on planning computed tomography (CT) scans was assessed to determine their association with subsequent cardiovascular events. Results: In 638 patients treated with hypofractionated IMRT and HDR-BT boost, with a median follow-up of 6 years, the overall survival was 95.7% and event-free survival was 85.5%, with a local recurrence rate of 2.2%. The protocol demonstrated a favorable toxicity profile, though breast volume >1000 cm3 was significantly associated with increased radiodermatitis, fibrosis, edema, and chronic pain. Smoking status emerged as an independent risk factor for chronic toxicity, significantly increasing the incidence of fibrosis and pain despite the use of IMRT. Furthermore, the analysis of planning CT scans in 882 patients revealed vascular calcifications in 38.5% of cases. The presence of coronary calcifications was associated with an almost threefold higher risk of a subsequent cardiovascular event independent of conventional cardiovascular risk factors and the laterality of the treated breast. Conclusion: Adjuvant radiotherapy with hypofractionated IMRT and a single-fraction brachytherapy boost is a safe and highly effective protocol in real-world clinical practice. However, treatment personalization must consider risk factors such as breast volume and smoking status to mitigate toxicity. The systematic evaluation of vascular calcifications on planning CT scans represents an opportunistic and cost-effective strategy for cardiovascular risk stratification, enabling the implementation of preventive measures within the framework of cardio-oncology. These findings reinforce the importance of a precision medicine approach in radiation oncology.
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“Tesis inédita presentada en la Universidad Europea de Madrid. Escuela de Doctorado e Investigación. Programa de Doctorado en Biomedicina y Ciencias de la Salud”
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Díaz Gavela, A. A. (2026). Radioterapia adyuvante hipofraccionada en cáncer de mama precoz: Eficacia, toxicidad y evaluación del riesgo cardiometabólico en práctica clínica real. [Tesis doctoral, Universidad Europea de Madrid]. ABACUS Repositorio de Producción Científica. https://hdl.handle.net/11268/17145








