La Evaluación Urodinámica en el Paciente con Incontinencia Post-Prostatectomía tratado con Sistema Transobturador Ajustable del Varón (ATOMS)
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Ruiz Graña, Sonia
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Virseda Chamorro, Miguel
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Abstract
La incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo (IUE) persistente es una complicación frecuente tras el
tratamiento del cáncer de próstata (1) , ésta causa un impacto importante en la calidad de vida
(QoL) de los pacientes y puede afectar a diferentes ámbitos de la vida diaria. Aproximadamente,
entre el 3% y el 6% de los pacientes a los que se les practica una prostatectomía radical en
diferentes sistemas sanitarios de todo el mundo se someten a una intervención quirúrgica posterior
para tratar la IUE, y el 25% de ellos requieren varias intervenciones quirúrgicas (2–4). La
proporción real de casos que sufren IUE de moderada a grave se estima entre el 10% y el 20% (5).
Esta complicación se ha atribuido principalmente a la deficiencia intrínseca del esfínter, un tipo
de IUE, ya sea por lesión directa de la pared muscular del esfínter o daño nervioso. El sistema
masculino transobturador ajustable (ATOMS®, A.M.I., Feldkirch, Austria) ha demostrado su eficacia
para el tratamiento de la incontinencia post prostatectomía (IPP) tanto en estudios
multicéntricos formados en Europa y Canadá (6–10) como en metanálisis (11,12). Curiosamente, los
resultados reportados con el dispositivo confirman que se puede esperar un alto nivel de
satisfacción, pero no todos los pacientes logran la continencia después del implante (11,13).
Varios factores de riesgo clínicos y urodinámicos pueden ser responsables de la persistencia de la
incontinencia urinaria después del tratamiento quirúrgico del IPP, pero debido al diferente modo de
acción de los distintos dispositivos quirúrgicos disponibles en el mercado es difícil identificar
dichos factores. Esta Tesis Doctoral pretende definir mejor la utilidad clínica de la urodinámica
para comprender más profundamente el funcionamiento del
ATOMS® y para poder definir el perfil de paciente más apropiado para el empleo de este. Presentamos un compendio de 6 publicaciones sobre el dispositivo ATOMS®, que abordarán
desde el estudio de su mecanismo de acción, a sus resultados, tanto a largo plazo como comparándolo
con otros dispositivos, hasta los factores urodinámicos que se asocian con el éxito del tratamiento
y a su vez los cambios que el propio ATOMS® produce en la dinámica miccional . El tipo de estudios
presentados son: un estudio transversal, 3 estudios longitudinales prospectivos y dos metanálisis
siendo uno de ellos una actualización de una serie amplia de carácter multicéntrico retrospectiva
de pacientes tratados con ATOMS®. En nuestros resultados vemos como el ATOMS® conduce a la
continencia mediante el aumento de la presión intrauretral debido al efecto de estiramiento en la
pared uretral causado por el relleno del cojín que aumenta la resistencia uretral. Demostramos su
excelente durabilidad y eficacia a largo plazo a través de la actualización del estudio
multicéntrico retrospectivo Ibérico (n = 215) con un seguimiento medio desde la cirugía de 60,6 ±
18,4 meses (rango, 39- 91), donde vemos que el 96% de los pacientes secos tras el ajuste siguen sin
incontinencia 1 año después, el 93,6% 2 años después, el 91,1% 3 años después, el 89,2% 5 años
después y el 86,7% 8 años después. El análisis multivariante mostró que las complicaciones, la
gravedad de IUE basal y la irradiación previa predijeron un explante del ATOMS® más temprano.
Posteriormente comparamos de forma indirecta el ATOMS® con otros dispositivos disponibles, primero
mediante una evaluación prospectiva de los resultados de una serie de pacientes con IPP tratados
con ATOMS® o con un esfínter urinario artificial (AUS) y posteriormente mediante una revisión
sistemática y un metanálisis del ATOMS® en comparación con el REMEEX® masculino. En la primera
comparación observamos que tanto el ATOMS® como el AUS son dispositivos eficaces. Pese a que el
cambio de pad-test para AUS
supera al de ATOMS® vemos que la tasa de revisión es mayor para el AUS, y la durabilidad es superior para el ATOMS®. Por otro lado, en comparación el REMEEX®, un dispositivo
más similar puesto que es ajustable y se emplea para el mismo grado de IUE, tras evaluar los datos
combinados de 29 estudios observacionales con 1919 pacientes veremos que, a pesar de la ausencia de
una comparación directa y de las limitaciones observadas, el ATOMS® parece más eficaz que el
REMEEX®masculino, y con una menor tasa de explantes, tal y como se recoge en la literatura. Por
último nos adentraremos en el mundo de la urodinámica para evaluar si los factores de riesgo de
vaciado urodinámico pueden ser predictores del fracaso del tratamiento de la IPP con el ATOMS® y
también para determinar en qué grado afecta el implante de este a la dinámica miccional de
nuestros pacientes mediante 2 estudios prospectivos longitudinales de pacientes tratados con
ATOMS® en nuestro centro. Los parámetros urodinámicos que se relacionaron con el resultado de la
continencia postoperatoria fueron la capacidad vesical cistomanométrica , el tipo de vaciado
(tenían mayor probabilidad de lograr la continencia los pacientes que vaciaron voluntariamente,
seguidos de los pacientes con vaciado involuntario y vaciado con esfuerzo abdominal), el índice de
obstrucción de la salida de la vejiga (BOOI) (inversamente relacionado con la continencia) y la
presión abdominal máxima de vaciado (inversamente relacionada con la continencia). El
análisis multivariante mostró que la capacidad vesical cistomanométrica, el BOOI y la presión
abdominal vesical máxima son factores de riesgo independientes para predecir el éxito del
tratamiento tras el implante de ATOMS®. De este modo demostramos que el estudio de los parámetros
funcionales del vaciado es útil para conocer los factores de riesgo que influyen en el resultado
postoperatorio de la IPP con el dispositivo ATOMS®. Para conocer los cambios producidos por el
ATOMS® en la fase miccional, a los pacientes con estudio urodinámico
preoperatorio les ofrecimos una evaluación urodinámica postoperatoria, y se
compararon ambos estudios. En nuestros resultados observamos que el implante del ATOMS® induce una
disminución del Qmáx, del volumen vaciado y de la contractilidad vesical, así como un aumento de la
BOOI. Sin embargo, no observamos en ningún caso que el ATOMS® cause obstrucción de la salida de la
vejiga. Todos estos hallazgos podrían ser de primordial importancia para facilitar la selección
óptima de pacientes para este implante y, por tanto, mejorar los
resultados de este dispositivo.
Persistent stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common complication following prostate cancer treatment (1) , which has a significant impact on patients' quality of life (QoL) and can affect different areas of daily life. Approximately 3% to 6% of patients undergoing radical prostatectomy in different healthcare systems worldwide undergo subsequent surgery to treat SUI, and 25% of these require multiple surgical interventions(2–4). The actual proportion of cases suffering from moderate to severe SUI is estimated at 10% to 20%(5). This complication has been attributed mainly to intrinsic sphincter deficiency, a type of SUI, either due to direct injury to the sphincter muscle wall or nerve damage. The adjustable male transobturator system (ATOMS®, A.M.I., Feldkirch, Austria) has demonstrated its efficacy for the treatment of post prostatectomy incontinence (PPI) in both multicentre studies conducted in Europe and Canada (6–10) and in meta-analyses (11,13). Interestingly, reported results with the device confirm that a high level of satisfaction can be expected, but not all patients achieve continence after implantation(11,13). Several clinical and urodynamic risk factors may be responsible for the persistence of urinary incontinence after surgical treatment of PPI, but due to the different mode of action of the different surgical devices available on the market it is difficult to identify these factors. This Doctoral Thesis aims to better define the clinical utility of urodynamics to gain a deeper understanding of ATOMS® performance and to define the most appropriate patient profile for ATOMS® use. We present a compendium of 6 publications on the ATOMS® device, ranging from the study of its mechanism of action, its long-term results and its comparison with other devices, to the urodynamic factors associated with the success of the treatment and the urodynamic changes that the ATOMS® itself brings about. The type of studies presented are: a cross-sectional study, 3 prospective longitudinal studies and two meta-analyses, one of which is an update of a large multicentre retrospective series of patients treated with ATOMS®. In our results we see how ATOMS® leads to continence by increasing intraurethral pressure due to the stretching effect on the urethral wall caused by the padding of the cushion which increases urethral resistance. We demonstrate its excellent durability and long-term efficacy through the update of the Iberian retrospective multicentre study (n = 215) with a mean follow-up since surgery of 60.6 ± 18.4 months (range, 39- 91), where we see that 96% of dry patients after adjustment are still incontinence-free 1 year later, 93.6% 2 years later, 91.1% 3 years later, 89.2% 5 years later and 86.7% 8 years later. Multivariate analysis showed that complications, baseline SUI severity and previous irradiation predicted earlier ATOMS® explant. We then indirectly compared ATOMS® with other available devices, first by prospectively evaluating the outcomes of a series of patients with PPI treated with ATOMS® or an artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) and then by a systematic review and meta-analysis of ATOMS® compared with the male REMEEX®. In the first comparison we observed that both ATOMS® and AUS are effective devices. Although the pad-test change for the AUS outperforms that of the ATOMS® we see that the revision rate is higher for the AUS, and the durability is higher for the ATOMS®. On the other hand, in comparison the REMEEX®, a more similar device since it is adjustable and used for the same degree of SUI, after evaluating the combined data of 29 observational studies with 1919 patients we will see that, despite the absence of a direct comparison and the limitations observed, the ATOMS® seems more effective than the male REMEEX®, and with a lower rate of explants, as reported in the literature. Finally, we will delve into the world of urodynamics to assess whether urodynamic voiding risk factors may be predictors of PPI treatment failure with ATOMS® and also to determine to what extent ATOMS® implantation affects voiding dynamics in our patients by means of 2 prospective longitudinal studies of patients treated with ATOMS® in our centre. The urodynamic parameters that were related to postoperative continence outcome were cystomanometric bladder capacity, voiding type (patients who voided voluntarily were more likely to achieve continence, followed by patients with involuntary voiding and voiding with abdominal effort), bladder outlet obstruction index (BOOI) (inversely related to continence) and maximal abdominal voiding pressure (inversely related to continence). Multivariate analysis showed that cystomanometric bladder capacity, BOOI and peak abdominal bladder outlet pressure were independent risk factors for predicting treatment success after ATOMS® implantation. Thus, we demonstrate that the study of functional voiding parameters is useful to understand the risk factors that influence the postoperative outcome of PPI with the ATOMS® device. To understand the changes produced by the ATOMS® in the voiding phase, patients with a preoperative urodynamic study were offered a postoperative urodynamic evaluation, and the two studies were compared. In our results, we observed that ATOMS® implantation induced a decrease in Qmax, voided volume and bladder contractility, as well as an increase in BOOI. However, we did not observe in any case that ATOMS® causes bladder outlet obstruction. All these findings could be of paramount importance to facilitate optimal patient selection for this implant and thus improve the outcomes of this device.
Persistent stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common complication following prostate cancer treatment (1) , which has a significant impact on patients' quality of life (QoL) and can affect different areas of daily life. Approximately 3% to 6% of patients undergoing radical prostatectomy in different healthcare systems worldwide undergo subsequent surgery to treat SUI, and 25% of these require multiple surgical interventions(2–4). The actual proportion of cases suffering from moderate to severe SUI is estimated at 10% to 20%(5). This complication has been attributed mainly to intrinsic sphincter deficiency, a type of SUI, either due to direct injury to the sphincter muscle wall or nerve damage. The adjustable male transobturator system (ATOMS®, A.M.I., Feldkirch, Austria) has demonstrated its efficacy for the treatment of post prostatectomy incontinence (PPI) in both multicentre studies conducted in Europe and Canada (6–10) and in meta-analyses (11,13). Interestingly, reported results with the device confirm that a high level of satisfaction can be expected, but not all patients achieve continence after implantation(11,13). Several clinical and urodynamic risk factors may be responsible for the persistence of urinary incontinence after surgical treatment of PPI, but due to the different mode of action of the different surgical devices available on the market it is difficult to identify these factors. This Doctoral Thesis aims to better define the clinical utility of urodynamics to gain a deeper understanding of ATOMS® performance and to define the most appropriate patient profile for ATOMS® use. We present a compendium of 6 publications on the ATOMS® device, ranging from the study of its mechanism of action, its long-term results and its comparison with other devices, to the urodynamic factors associated with the success of the treatment and the urodynamic changes that the ATOMS® itself brings about. The type of studies presented are: a cross-sectional study, 3 prospective longitudinal studies and two meta-analyses, one of which is an update of a large multicentre retrospective series of patients treated with ATOMS®. In our results we see how ATOMS® leads to continence by increasing intraurethral pressure due to the stretching effect on the urethral wall caused by the padding of the cushion which increases urethral resistance. We demonstrate its excellent durability and long-term efficacy through the update of the Iberian retrospective multicentre study (n = 215) with a mean follow-up since surgery of 60.6 ± 18.4 months (range, 39- 91), where we see that 96% of dry patients after adjustment are still incontinence-free 1 year later, 93.6% 2 years later, 91.1% 3 years later, 89.2% 5 years later and 86.7% 8 years later. Multivariate analysis showed that complications, baseline SUI severity and previous irradiation predicted earlier ATOMS® explant. We then indirectly compared ATOMS® with other available devices, first by prospectively evaluating the outcomes of a series of patients with PPI treated with ATOMS® or an artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) and then by a systematic review and meta-analysis of ATOMS® compared with the male REMEEX®. In the first comparison we observed that both ATOMS® and AUS are effective devices. Although the pad-test change for the AUS outperforms that of the ATOMS® we see that the revision rate is higher for the AUS, and the durability is higher for the ATOMS®. On the other hand, in comparison the REMEEX®, a more similar device since it is adjustable and used for the same degree of SUI, after evaluating the combined data of 29 observational studies with 1919 patients we will see that, despite the absence of a direct comparison and the limitations observed, the ATOMS® seems more effective than the male REMEEX®, and with a lower rate of explants, as reported in the literature. Finally, we will delve into the world of urodynamics to assess whether urodynamic voiding risk factors may be predictors of PPI treatment failure with ATOMS® and also to determine to what extent ATOMS® implantation affects voiding dynamics in our patients by means of 2 prospective longitudinal studies of patients treated with ATOMS® in our centre. The urodynamic parameters that were related to postoperative continence outcome were cystomanometric bladder capacity, voiding type (patients who voided voluntarily were more likely to achieve continence, followed by patients with involuntary voiding and voiding with abdominal effort), bladder outlet obstruction index (BOOI) (inversely related to continence) and maximal abdominal voiding pressure (inversely related to continence). Multivariate analysis showed that cystomanometric bladder capacity, BOOI and peak abdominal bladder outlet pressure were independent risk factors for predicting treatment success after ATOMS® implantation. Thus, we demonstrate that the study of functional voiding parameters is useful to understand the risk factors that influence the postoperative outcome of PPI with the ATOMS® device. To understand the changes produced by the ATOMS® in the voiding phase, patients with a preoperative urodynamic study were offered a postoperative urodynamic evaluation, and the two studies were compared. In our results, we observed that ATOMS® implantation induced a decrease in Qmax, voided volume and bladder contractility, as well as an increase in BOOI. However, we did not observe in any case that ATOMS® causes bladder outlet obstruction. All these findings could be of paramount importance to facilitate optimal patient selection for this implant and thus improve the outcomes of this device.
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Tesis inédita presentada en la Universidad Europea de Madrid. Escuela de Doctorado e Investigación. Programa de Doctorado en Biomedicina y Ciencias de la Salud
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Bibliographic reference
Ruiz Graña, S. (2024). La Evaluación Urodinámica en el Paciente con Incontinencia Post- Prostatectomía tratado con Sistema Transobturador Ajustable del Varón (ATOMS). [Tesis doctoral, Universidad Europea de Madrid]. ABACUS Repositorio de Producción Científica. http://hdl.handle.net/11268/14161






