Tipos estructurales del pie y su influencia sobre el core y rendimiento deportivo en atletas universitarios
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Moreno Barriga, Orlando Santiago
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Abstract
Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio consistió en evaluar el impacto potencial de
los distintos tipos de arco medial del pie (cavo, plano o neutro) en la estabilidad
postural y el rendimiento atlético en deportistas universitarios. Asimismo, se
investigaron los efectos de programas de ejercicio específicamente diseñados
para corregir las alteraciones mecánicas asociadas a los diferentes tipos de arco
del pie en relación con las variables mencionadas.
Metodología: Se llevaron a cabo dos modalidades de estudio: Uno inicial
observacional y otro posterior de tipo experimental en los cuales se evaluaron
las mismas variables dependientes en ambos casos: estabilidad postural estática
y dinámica, actividad de las estructuras musculares que intervienen en el core,
volumen máximo de oxígeno, capacidad de salto, aceleración y la velocidad en
carreras cortas. Para el estudio observacional inicial se reclutaron 103 atletas
universitarios de diversas disciplinas deportivas para evaluar el impacto de los
tipos de arco longitudinal medial del pie (pie cavo, plano y neutro) sobre las
variables. Posteriormente, en el estudio experimental, se evaluaron 97 atletas
(debido a la exclusión de 6 participantes). La intervención implicó la realización
de ejercicios de flexibilidad general· Sin embargo, a los deportistas con pie plano
y cavo se les agregaron ejercicios correctivos específicos para cada tipo de pie,
con el objetivo de analizar los efectos de la intervención en estos dos tipos de
pie sobre las variables dependientes.
Resultados: Se observó una tendencia que sugiere que los deportistas con pie
cavo exhiben una mayor estabilidad y actividad de los músculos del core en
comparación con aquellos con pie plano. Por otro lado, los deportistas con pie
plano mostraron una inclinación hacia una menor estabilidad y actividad
muscular del core, aunque estos resultados no alcanzaron significancia
estadística (P>0.05). Además, se demostró que los atletas con pie cavo tenían un
umbral anaeróbico más alto (P=0.02), que se correlaciona con mayor capacidad de salto (r=0.42, p < 0.05) y tiempo de carrera más corto (r=-0.45, p < 0.01). Por
otro lado, aquellos con arco neutro exhibieron una mayor aceleración en la
carrera de velocidad corta (r=-0.39, p < 0.01). Además, se demostró que los
atletas con pie plano y cavo que participaron en un programa de ejercicios
correctivos del arco longitudinal medial durante 12 semanas experimentaron
una mejora en la activación del músculo oblicuo interno de 0.47 mV (29.7%) y
0.25 mV (17.2%), respectivamente (p < 0.001); un mayor control postural
estático y dinámico (p < 0.001); un aumento en la fuerza y potencia del salto de
1.87 m/s (23.1%) y 1.3 m/s (16%), respectivamente (p < 0.001); y un incremento
en la capacidad de aceleración y velocidad en carrera corta (p < 0.001). Sin
embargo, no se observaron cambios significativos en su capacidad y potencia
aeróbica.
Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados apuntan hacia una posible relación entre el
tipo de pie y la estabilidad, así como la actividad muscular del core en deportistas
universitarios, sin embargo, no se evidenció una diferencia significativa
estadísticamente. De otra parte, se encontró una asociación significativa entre
el tipo de pie y la aceleración, así como los tiempos de carrera en distancias
cortas. Al incorporar ejercicios correctivos para las alteraciones estructurales del
pie en programas de entrenamiento atlético, es posible mejorar
significativamente el control postural, la capacidad de salto y la aceleración
lineal, pero el impacto de estos ejercicios sobre la modificación de la capacidad
y potencia aeróbica puede ser limitado. Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia
de adaptar los programas de entrenamiento a los tipos específicos de arco
longitudinal medial del pie de cada atleta para optimizar el rendimiento atlético
y la condición física.
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the potential impact of different types of medial foot arch (cavus, flat, or neutral) on postural stability and athletic performance in collegiate athletes. Additionally, the effects of exercise programs specifically designed to correct mechanical alterations associated with different types of foot arch were investigated in relation to the mentioned variables. Methodology: Two types of studies were conducted: an initial observational one and a subsequent experimental one where the following variables were assessed: static and dynamic postural stability, activity of the core muscle structures, maximal oxygen volumen, jump capacity, acceleration, and speed in short sprints. In the initial observational study, 103 university athletes from various sports disciplines were recruited to assess the impact of different types of medial longitudinal foot arch (cavus, flat, and neutral feet) on the dependent variables. Subsequently, in the experimental study, 97 athletes (due to the exclusion of 6 participants) were evaluated, whose intervention involved general flexibility exercises, but corrective foot exercises were added for athletes with cavus and flat feet to analyze the effects of the intervention on these two-foot types on dependent variables. Results: A trend was observed suggesting that athletes with cavus foot exhibit greater stability and core muscle activity compared to those with flat feet. Conversely, athletes with flat feet showed a tendency towards reduced stability and core muscle activity; however, these results did not reach statistical significance (P>0.05). Additionally, it was demonstrated that athletes with cavus foot had a higher anaerobic threshold (P=0.02), correlating with increased jump ability (r=0.42, p < 0.05) and shorter running times (r=-0.45, p < 0.01). On the other hand, those with neutral arches exhibited greater acceleration in the 40m sprint (r=-0.39, p < 0.01). Furthermore, athletes with flat and cavus feet who participated in a 12-week corrective exercise program for the medial longitudinal arch experienced improvements in internal oblique muscle activation of 0.47 mV (29.7%) and 0.25 mV (17.2%), respectively (p < 0.001); enhanced static and dynamic postural control (p < 0.001); increased jump force and power by 1.87 m/s (23.1%) and 1.3 m/s (16%), respectively (p < 0.001); and improved acceleration and speed in the 40m sprint (p < 0.001). However, no significant changes were observed in their aerobic capacity and power. Conclusions: We can highlight that, although we did not find a statistically significant difference, our results suggest a possible relationship between foot type and core muscle activity in university athletes. However, we did find a significant association between foot type and acceleration, as well as race times in short distances. By incorporating corrective exercises for structural foot abnormalities into athletic training programs, it is possible to significantly improve postural control, jumping ability, and linear acceleration. However, it is important to consider that the impact of these exercises on aerobic capacity and power may be limited. These findings underscore the importance of tailoring training programs to the specific foot types of each athlete to optimize athletic performance and physical condition.
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the potential impact of different types of medial foot arch (cavus, flat, or neutral) on postural stability and athletic performance in collegiate athletes. Additionally, the effects of exercise programs specifically designed to correct mechanical alterations associated with different types of foot arch were investigated in relation to the mentioned variables. Methodology: Two types of studies were conducted: an initial observational one and a subsequent experimental one where the following variables were assessed: static and dynamic postural stability, activity of the core muscle structures, maximal oxygen volumen, jump capacity, acceleration, and speed in short sprints. In the initial observational study, 103 university athletes from various sports disciplines were recruited to assess the impact of different types of medial longitudinal foot arch (cavus, flat, and neutral feet) on the dependent variables. Subsequently, in the experimental study, 97 athletes (due to the exclusion of 6 participants) were evaluated, whose intervention involved general flexibility exercises, but corrective foot exercises were added for athletes with cavus and flat feet to analyze the effects of the intervention on these two-foot types on dependent variables. Results: A trend was observed suggesting that athletes with cavus foot exhibit greater stability and core muscle activity compared to those with flat feet. Conversely, athletes with flat feet showed a tendency towards reduced stability and core muscle activity; however, these results did not reach statistical significance (P>0.05). Additionally, it was demonstrated that athletes with cavus foot had a higher anaerobic threshold (P=0.02), correlating with increased jump ability (r=0.42, p < 0.05) and shorter running times (r=-0.45, p < 0.01). On the other hand, those with neutral arches exhibited greater acceleration in the 40m sprint (r=-0.39, p < 0.01). Furthermore, athletes with flat and cavus feet who participated in a 12-week corrective exercise program for the medial longitudinal arch experienced improvements in internal oblique muscle activation of 0.47 mV (29.7%) and 0.25 mV (17.2%), respectively (p < 0.001); enhanced static and dynamic postural control (p < 0.001); increased jump force and power by 1.87 m/s (23.1%) and 1.3 m/s (16%), respectively (p < 0.001); and improved acceleration and speed in the 40m sprint (p < 0.001). However, no significant changes were observed in their aerobic capacity and power. Conclusions: We can highlight that, although we did not find a statistically significant difference, our results suggest a possible relationship between foot type and core muscle activity in university athletes. However, we did find a significant association between foot type and acceleration, as well as race times in short distances. By incorporating corrective exercises for structural foot abnormalities into athletic training programs, it is possible to significantly improve postural control, jumping ability, and linear acceleration. However, it is important to consider that the impact of these exercises on aerobic capacity and power may be limited. These findings underscore the importance of tailoring training programs to the specific foot types of each athlete to optimize athletic performance and physical condition.
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Tesis inédita presentada en la Universidad Europea de Madrid. Escuela de Doctorado e Investigación. Programa de Doctorado en Biomedicina y Ciencias de la Salud
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Bibliographic reference
Moreno Barriga, O. S. (2024). Tipos estructurales del pie y su influencia sobre el core y rendimiento deportivo en atletas universitarios. [Tesis doctoral, Universidad Europea de Madrid]. ABACUS Repositorio de Producción Científica. http://hdl.handle.net/11268/13081




