Alvarado Piqueras, AlbertoGómez Muñoz, María TeresaMartín-Maldonado Jiménez, Bárbara2025-09-292025-09-292025Alvarado-Piqueras, A., Gómez-Muñoz, M. T., & Martín-Maldonado, B. (2025). Hemoparasites in wild birds: A systematic review of their ecology and clinical implications. Animals, 15(17), 2570. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani151725702076-2615https://hdl.handle.net/11268/16251Blood parasites transmitted by insects can affect wild birds across the globe, but their impact on bird health is not well understood. This study reviewed existing scientific research to better understand these parasites and how they affect birds in nature. Although more research has been performed in recent years, it is mostly limited to certain regions and types of birds. There are still many challenges in identifying these parasites, especially when studying birds in the wild or at rescue centers. However, modern laboratory tools have helped scientists to learn more about the variety of parasites and how they interact with their bird hosts. This review points out the gaps in current knowledge and calls for more research to understand how these parasites affect bird populations, especially as environmental changes and new diseases continue to emerge. A deeper understanding of these parasites will help to protect bird health and biodiversity in a changing world.engjournal article10.3390/ ani15172570open accessConservación de la fauna y flora silvestresEcología animalAveGoal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all agesGoal 15: Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse land degradation, halt biodiversity lossGoal 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts