Gómez Rivas, León MaríaWang, William Hongsong2026-04-022026-04-022025Wang, W. H., & Gómez-Rivas, L. (2025). How is the ancient and modern libertarian philosophy connected together? A knowledge approach on friedrich hayek, laozi, and luis de molina. Journal of the Sociology and Theory of Religion, 17(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.24197/jstr.1.2025.1-142255-2715https://hdl.handle.net/11268/16996Friedrich Hayek has been a topic of considerable interest, especially among classical liberal/libertarian scholars and societies. And the studies of Laozi’s philosophy have also drawn increasing attention worldwide. Increasingly, classical liberals/libertarians seek answers to current political, economic, and social questions within Laozi’s wisdom from over 2000 years ago and the Spanish scholastic’s teaching since the 16th century. By comparing and integrating the knowledge approach theories of Hayek, Laozi, and Luis de Molina, this paper uncovers new insights into how the integrated version of the above three great philosophers can benefit modern society for peace, prosperity, and liberty.engAttribution 4.0 Internationalhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Economía, relaciones internacionales y negocios interioresjournal article10.24197/jstr.1.2025.1-14open accessFilosofíaHistoria económicaHistoriaGoal 4: Quality education